Tuesday, March 31, 2026

"You May Already Have Won the Iran War"

From the Wall Street Journal, March 30:

Or you may already have lost. Commentators on both sides refuse to admit how little they know.  

“I wish I was as cocksure of anything as Tom Macaulay is of everything.”

The plaintive observation, ascribed to the early Victorian British Prime Minister Viscount Melbourne about the acerbically self-confident historian Thomas Babington Macaulay, remains the motto of the thoughtfully skeptical man through the ages. Some of us still harbor doubt about the consequences of actions in a complex world. But we live in an era when instantaneous certitude about everything, an iron conviction in subjective judgment in the face of objective uncertainty, is the only guarantee of a hearing.  

This is in part a corollary of the hyperpartisanship that characterizes our modern political conversation. If you believe that your side represents the only route to virtue and the other side the sure path to perdition, you’ve already taken a position of metaphysical certainty.  

Such assuredness is acceptable from politicians. No one wants to hear a leader publicly fret over the range of possible outcomes of a course he’s chosen. But since the line between partisan engagement and independent observation has been blurred, similar devotion to the veracity of one’s own judgment is obligatory in the commentator class too. 

So it comes as no surprise that less than a month into the latest war, almost everyone seems certain not only about the outcome of the war, but about what it means for decades to come.

Last week the Economist, a publication with a long and spotty track record of declarative certitude in the face of unpredictability, announced that the war was an American failure. “A month of bombing has achieved nothing,” its cover thundered.  

The academy is on the same page. Robert Pape, a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, insists the war is a “longtime disaster” and the “most catastrophic failure of air power we have ever seen.” 

No fog of war for these seers. They have scrutinized the battlefield from the vantage points of St James’s, SW1, and Hyde Park, 60637, and, like ancient augurs, have divined the outcome: It’s over for the U.S. and Israel, with devastation rippling for years. 

There is no less confidence on the other side. Torsten Slok, chief economist at the private-equity firm Apollo, dismissed the war’s alarming fallout in commodity, equity and bond markets, and said it would “ultimately result in 50 years of stability in oil markets, supply chains and geopolitics.” 

Marc Thiessen, a speechwriter for President George W. Bush (whose administration isn’t especially noted for the accuracy of its observations) and now a columnist for the Washington Post, said on Fox News that President Trump’s war would go down as “possibly the greatest military campaign . . . since the American Revolution.” Move over, Dwight D. Eisenhower; step aside, Ulysses S. Grant. 

Since rhetorical extremism in the pursuit of persuasion is all the rage, why stop there? Surely someone will soon make the case that Operation Epic Fury is the greatest triumph of arms since Henry V’s longbowmen routed the superior French numbers at Agincourt. Or, according to your taste, it already represents the most disastrous defeat for a major power since the Romans were out-generaled at Cannae by Hannibal....

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Photonics: "Nvidia Invests $2 Billion in Marvell, Announces Partnership" (MRVL; NVDA)

Nvidia's CEO is moving at the speed of light.

From Bloomberg, March 31: 

Nvidia Corp. said it has invested $2 billion in Marvell Technology Inc. as part of an agreement to collaborate on silicon photonics technology, an effort to make AI services more affordable amid historic investments in the new technology.

Nvidia, which has been investing in partners that can help build out AI infrastructure, will integrate its tech platform with networking capabilities from Marvell, it said in a statement on Tuesday. Nvidia’s accelerators are tied together for more advanced artificial intelligence services. The two companies will also collaborate on speeding up telecommunications networks for advanced new technologies.

“Together with Marvell, we are enabling customers to leverage Nvidia’s AI infrastructure ecosystem and scale to build specialized AI compute,” said Nvidia Chief Executive Officer Jensen Huang in the statement.

Silicon photonics help make data transmission faster and more energy efficient...

....MORE 

Related:

March 2 - Connecting it all together: "Nvidia to invest $4 billion in two photonics companies" (NVDA; LITE; COHR)

Mr. Huang has said he wants to connect entire data centers together into one gigantic chip.

To do that you have to get latency between chips and then between servers as close to zero as possible....

March 12 - FrenchTech: "Nvidia-backed startup Scintil Photonics starts testing laser chips"

"AI’s Power Problem Is Pushing Europe’s Data Centers Off The Grid"

From ImpactNewswire@Medium (remember Medium?), March 11:

Europe’s first microgrid-powered data center is a sign of what happens when the AI boom meets an aging electricity grid: companies can’t wait for governments to catch up, so they build their own power plants, reshaping how the continent thinks about energy, infrastructure, and the future of digital technology 

Just outside Dublin, a data center has taken an unusual step to keep its servers running. Rather than waiting for a long-delayed connection to the national grid, the facility has turned to its own independent energy system.

The installation, operated by the digital infrastructure developer Pure Data Centre Group in partnership with the power solutions company AVK, is believed to be the first data center in Europe to operate using a live microgrid that can function independently from the main electricity network.

The project reflects a broader challenge confronting Europe as governments and technology companies race to expand computing capacity for artificial intelligence while grappling with an aging power grid and yearslong delays for new energy connections.

Across the European Union, the scale of investment required is enormous. The European Commission estimates the bloc will need at least 1.2 trillion euros, about $1.39 trillion, in energy investments by 2040. For companies seeking to build energy-hungry data centers, waiting for upgrades to the grid is often not an option.

Microgrids offer one possible solution. These localized energy systems can generate, store and distribute power on site, allowing facilities to operate independently if necessary. In the United States, where data centers have proliferated in places like Texas and Virginia, such systems are becoming increasingly common as demand for electricity surges.

AVK and Pure Data Centres say the Dublin installation represents the first time a European data center has been powered by a functioning microgrid.

“As these data centers get bigger and we see AI workloads and that data becoming more of a feature in our day-to-day lives, that only puts more stress on the grid. So we have to drive to a different solution,” AVK CEO Ben Pritchard said.

Yet the approach carries uncertainties. Regulations may slow adoption, and questions remain about whether microgrids can deliver reliable and sustainable power at scale.

Ireland provides a striking example of the tension between economic opportunity and energy constraints. Data centers consumed about 22 percent of the country’s electricity in 2024, placing significant pressure on the national grid....

....MUCH MORE 

"What Will It Take to Build the World’s Largest Data Center?"

From IEEE Spectrum, March 24:

A giant data center is making engineers throw out the rule book 

The undying thirst for smarter (historically, that means larger) AI models and greater adoption of the ones we already have has led to an explosion in data-center construction projects, unparalleled both in number and scale. Chief among them is Meta’s planned 5-gigawatt data center in Louisiana, called Hyperion, announced in June of 2025. Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg said Hyperion will “cover a significant part of the footprint of Manhattan,” and the first phase—a 2-GW version—will be completed by 2030.

Though the project’s stated 5-GW scale is the largest among its peers, it’s just one of several dozen similar projects now underway. According to Michael Guckes, chief economist at construction-software company ConstructConnect, spending on data centers topped US $27 billion by July of 2025 and, once the full-year figures are tallied, will easily exceed $60 billion. Hyperion alone accounts for about a quarter of that.

For the engineers assigned to bring these projects to life, the mix of challenges involved represent a unique moment. The world’s largest tech companies are opening their wallets to pay for new innovations in compute, cooling, and network technology designed to operate at a scale that would’ve seemed absurd five years ago.

At the same time, the breakneck pace of building comes paired with serious problems. Modern data-center construction frequently requires an influx of temporary workers and sharply increases noise, traffic, pollution, and often local electricity prices. And the environmental toll remains a concern long after facilities are built due to the unprecedented 24/7 energy demands of AI data centers which, according to one recent study, could emit the equivalent of tens of millions of tonnes of CO2 annually in the United States alone.

Regardless of these issues, large AI companies, and the engineers they hire, are going full steam ahead on giant data-center construction. So, what does it really take to build an unprecedentedly large data center?

AI Rewrites Building Design
The stereotypical data-center building rests on a reinforced concrete slab foundation. That’s paired with a steel skeleton and poured concrete wall panels. The finished building is called a “shell,” a term that implies the structure itself is a secondary concern. Meta has even used gigantic tents to throw up temporary data centers.

Still, the scale of the largest AI data centers brings unique challenges. “The biggest challenge is often what’s under the surface. Unstable, corrosive, or expansive soils can lead to delays and require serious intervention,” says Robert Haley, vice president at construction consulting firm Jacobs. Amanda Carter, a senior technical lead at Stantec, said a soil’s thermal conductivity is also important, as most electrical infrastructure is placed underground. “If the soil has high thermal resistivity, it’s going to be difficult to dissipate [heat].” Engineers may take hundreds or thousands of soil samples before construction can begin....

*****

....There’s apparently no shortage of eligible sites, however, as both the number of data centers under construction, and the money spent on them, has skyrocketed. The spending has allowed companies building data centers to throw out the rule book. Prior to the AI boom, most data centers relied on tried-and-true designs that prioritized inexpensive and efficient construction. Big tech’s willingness to spend has shifted the focus to speed and scale.

The loose purse strings open the door to larger and more robust prefabricated concrete wall and floor panels. Doug Bevier, director of development at Clark Pacific, says some concrete floor panels may now span up to 23 meters and need to handle floor loads up to 3,000 kilograms per square meter, which is more than twice the load international building codes normally define for manufacturing and industry. In some cases, the concrete panels must be custom-made for a project, an expensive step that the economics of pre-AI data centers rarely justified.

Simultaneously, the time scale for projects is also compressed: Jamie McGrath, senior vice president of data-center operations at Crusoe, says the company is delivering projects in “about 12 months,” compared to 30 to 36 months before. Not all projects are proceeding at that pace, but speed is universally a priority.

That makes it difficult to coordinate the labor and materials required. Meta’s Hyperion site, located in rural Richland Parish, Louisiana, is emblematic of this challenge. As reported by NOLA.com, at least 5,000 temporary workers have flocked to the area, which has only about 20,000 permanent residents. These workers earn above-average wages and bring a short-term boost for some local businesses, such as restaurants and convenience stores. However, they have also spurred complaints from residents about traffic and construction noise and pollution....

....MUCH MORE 

Iran DARES (LEGO) Trump over Kharg Island GROUND INVASION — 'COME CLOSER!'

From the Xitter account of the former Russia Today:

Well, I Missed Another Anniversary: A Short Conflict

From Mexico Unexplained, February 10, 2019:

Sometime in the late 1820s a portly French pastry chef known to history as Remontel opened a bakery in the town of Tacubaya which was then on the outskirts of Mexico City.  The locals enjoyed Monsieur Remontel’s cream puffs and other sugary baked goods, but the pastry chef endured constant harassment from Mexican officers who were stationed in the town.  The taunting and name-calling escalated to threats of physical violence against Remontel and in 1832 his beautiful Parisian-inspired pastry shop was completely ransacked.  

The angry French chef did not appeal to local authorities.  He did not speak with those higher up in the Mexican military hierarchy.  He didn’t even petition the French diplomatic corps stationed in Mexico City for help.  Chef Remontel went directly to King Louis Philippe of France to ask for assistance.  The French king proved sympathetic to the plight of his subject in that faraway land, so he appointed a small committee to investigate the chef’s claims.  The king’s aides discovered many other abuses against French nationals in Mexico, including various lootings of French-owned businesses and even the execution of a French citizen accused of piracy.  With claims of damages totaling into the millions of francs, the French monarch instructed his Prime Minister, Louis-Mathieu Molé, to demand that the Mexican government pay 600,000 pesos or 3 million French Francs as reparations.  Of those 600,000 pesos, 60,000 of them would go to the Monsieur Remontel, the Tacubaya pastry chef who started this all.  The chef’s shop was only worth about 1,000 pesos, and the Mexican government scoffed at such overblown monetary demands.  Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante ignored all communications from France.  The French responded with military force. 

The first French intervention in Mexico is now known to history as the Pastry War.  The conflict lasted from November of 1838 to March of 1839 and began with a massive naval blockade cutting off all of Mexico’s eastern ports.  The French fleet under the command of Rear Admiral Charles Baudin stretched from the Yucatan to the Rio Grande.  On November 27, 1838 the French began bombing the fort of San Juan de Ulúa located on a reef in the Gulf of Mexico overlooking the city of Veracruz, Mexico’s chief port on its eastern seaboard.  The fortress was considered invulnerable to naval attacks and earned the nickname, “The Gibraltar of the Indies.”  

However, the 186 obsolete and undermaintained guns and the 800 poorly-equipped and half-ill soldiers at San Juan de Ulúa were no match for the superior naval forces of the French.  The fort fell the next day and the Mexican government formally declared war on France and ordered all French citizens out of Mexico.  In an interesting twist of history, former army general and Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, was living on a ranch near the city of Veracruz at the time of the attack.  The government in Mexico City called upon him and General Mariano Arista to lead 3,200 troops to fight the French at Veracruz.  When he heard the news of the troops heading for the coast, the French fleet commander prepared to take the city of Veracruz with the intention of capturing General Santa Anna....

....MUCH MORE 

March 9 was the 187th anniversary of the signing of the peace treaty. 

Capital Markets: "Mixed War News Keeps Oil Firm and the Greenback Consolidating"

 From Marc to Market:

War developments pulled in both directions, leaving investors on edge. On the one hand, Iran struck an oil tanker, carrying Kuwait oil, in port in Dubai. On the other hand, reports suggest President Trump told aides he is willing to wind down hostilities and pressure Iran diplomatically to re-open the Strait of Hormuz. May WTI has held about $100 today and approached $107 a barrel. June Brent reached almost $110 and is now almost flat on the day around $107.50.

The dollar is narrowly mixed with a slightly firmer profile.
The jump in the eurozone’s CPI this month was no surprise. There are large options struck at $1.15 that expire today and tomorrow that may help block much of a euro recovery. Tokyo reported softer March CPI but also weaker February industrial production and retail sales. Still, the greenback has held below JPY160. Several Fed officials speak today, including Presidents Goolsbee and Schmid on the economy, while Governor Barr speaks late in the session on regulation of stable coins. With today’s February JOLTS report, the economic focus in the US shifts to the labor market, with the ADP private sector estimate out tomorrow and the March nonfarm payroll report on Friday. The median forecast in Bloomberg’s survey is for a 65k increase from a preliminary estimate of a loss of 92k jobs in February....  

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"Japan's Fujitsu to develop cutting-edge 1.4-nm chips for AI processing"

From Nikkei Asia March 31:

Production to be outsourced to Rapidus as Japan eyes economic security

Fujitsu plans to develop a semiconductor specifically for AI processing in servers and related systems. Fabricated using an advanced 1.4-nanometer process, the chip will be entirely domestic, with development and production carried out in Japan.

Manufacturing will be commissioned to Rapidus, a Japanese semiconductor company seeking to mass-produce cutting-edge chips.

Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry is expected to cover part of the development cost. The effort will be a first step in responding to global moves to build AI capabilities amid economic security concerns.

The project centers on the neural processing unit, or NPU, a chip specialized for AI processing. Fujitsu plans to integrate NPUs with its CPUs -- being developed for uses such as in Japan's flagship Fugaku NEXT supercomputer -- within a single package.

NPUs enable systems to generate answers and are characterized by high energy efficiency. NPUs are typically found in consumer products such as PCs and smartphones, but the company plans to use them in servers and related systems.

Fujitsu has applied for a program operated by Japan's New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), a governmental institution. The project's initial development costs are estimated at 58 billion yen ($363 million). If the project is adopted, NEDO will cover about two-thirds of the expense.

Rapidus plans to begin construction of its second factory in fiscal 2027. Fujitsu's decision to entrust production to Rapidus marks the chip maker's second major deal from a domestic customer; Canon has already decided to order image-processing semiconductors for digital cameras.

For AI processing, graphics processing units (GPUs), which are mainly produced by Nvidia, are the core device. GPUs excel at parallel processing of complex data and are indispensable for training large language models. But when limited to inference tasks, NPUs are more efficient at calculation processing....

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"Helium stocks of South Korea's chipmakers to last until June, sources say"

From Reuters, March 31:

South Korea has sufficient helium stocks until at least June, two sources said, while the industry minister ruled out any first-half supply ​disruptions, allaying worries over the Iran war's impact on supplies of the gas ‌crucial for chipmaking.
 
Prices of helium, a by-product of natural gas processing, have risen sharply after the U.S.-Israel war on Iran disrupted such operations in Qatar, the world's largest supplier of liquified natural gas (LNG).

But South Korea, home ​to some of the world's largest chipmakers, including Samsung Electronics (005930.KS) and SK Hynix (000660.KS), ​has enough helium inventory to ride out the first half, a government ⁠official told Reuters. 

The companies are also paying premiums to secure inventory, mainly from top producer ​the United States, he said, adding, "Price aside, securing the stock right now is the top ​priority."
The government official and the second source, employed by a helium supplier, declined to be identified as they were not permitted to speak to the media.
Both Samsung and SK declined to comment.
 
Disruptions in helium supply were unlikely ​during the first half, Industry Minister Kim Jung-kwan told President Lee Jae Myung during a cabinet ​meeting on Tuesday, but did not elaborate.
 
Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix, which supplies roughly two-thirds of the world's memory ‌chips, ⁠have four to six months worth of helium inventory, the second source, at a supplier of helium to Samsung, told Reuters....
....MUCH MORE 

Monday, March 30, 2026

"Trump Willing To End Iran War Without Strait Of Hormuz Reopening: WSJ"

Oil dumps, equity (futures) jump.

From the Journal's more technical (analysis) little bro,  Investor's Business Daily, March 30:  

President Donald Trump has told aides he's willing to end the Iran war even if the Strait of Hormuz remains closed, the Wall Street Journal reported, citing administration officials.

Dow Jones futures turned solidly higher on the Monday night report that suggests a near-term end to hostilities, even if Iran keeps a chokehold on the strait. Crude oil prices reversed lower.

Trump and his aides believe that military operations to open the Strait would push the Iran conflict beyond his timeline of four to six weeks. The president has military options, but they're not his priority, administration officials told the WSJ.

According to the report, Trump has decided the U.S. should achieve its goals of crippling Iran's navy and missiles, then wind down hostilities while putting diplomatic pressure on Tehran to reopen Hormuz. If that doesn't work, Washington would push allies in Europe and the Gulf to take on reopening the strait....

....MUCH MORE 

Both Brent and WTI are down around 2%, S&P 500 and DJIA futures are up around 1%. 

The Nikkei is up 0.2%. 

Possibly related, March 21:

"Trump Signals Endgame in Iran, Says Hormuz Security Will Fall on ‘Nations Who Use It’"

"Carney’s mega anti-Trump alliance starts quest to save world trade"

Following on the earlier "Germany Drafts Plan to Hit US Companies in Next Trump Clash".

From Politico.eu, March 25:

Nearly 40 nations are hatching a plan to save the World Trade Organization or, if it can’t be salvaged, to build a new order.  

The middle powers that Canada’s Mark Carney rallied in Davos will face a test this week against the “rupture” in global trade opened by U.S. President Donald Trump.

The nearly 40 nations in the EU and Indo-Pacific CPTPP trade blocs are on a quest to save the World Trade Organization at a pivotal meeting in the African nation of Cameroon.

Six years ago, Trump crippled the global trade body’s dispute court. His administration is now pressuring members to change the WTO’s core principles to get tough on China as the White House’s tariffs openly flout the rules, damaging global trade.

Among other squabbles, the WTO, which operates by consensus, has seen its 166 members at odds over whether to make e-commerce and digital trade — including software, cloud services, and music and movie streaming — permanently tariff-free.

On the sidelines of the four-day showdown in Cameroon’s capital, Yaoundé, the EU and the 12-nation CPTPP bloc, which together represent nearly a third of the global economy, will hatch a plan Friday to keep the WTO on the rails.

Or, if it can’t be salvaged, “build a new order” as Carney urged in his address to the World Economic Forum.

“I think Canada has added a bit of oomph into this conversation since Mark Carney’s speech,” U.K. Trade Minister Chris Bryant told POLITICO ahead of the WTO’s 14th Ministerial Conference (MC14), where he is serving as a facilitator, guiding the multilateral reform talks.

Last month, Carney offered to “broker a bridge” between the EU and the fast-growing Indo-Pacific bloc — which comprises Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Peru, Chile, Mexico, Brunei, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia and, most recently, the U.K. — in the form of a new anti-Trump trade pact that also aims to reform the WTO.

It’s possible the WTO “could become the organization that it really, really wants to be, which is able to make decisions and take things forward,” Bryant said.

A bellwether is the future of the so-called e-commerce moratorium, after the 2024 Dubai ministerial kicked the final decision about barring nations from slapping tariffs on digital trade into this year.

“We prefer to make it permanent,” Bryant said, pointing to a joint statement by the EU and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) nations.

By our powers combined (Plan A) 
Trade ministers from the EU and CPTPP nations are readying a new joint statement on WTO reform to deploy at MC14 this week, according to two diplomats — one from a CPTPP member and the other from the EU.

It will “almost certainly” contain something on e-commerce, said the CPTPP nation diplomat, noting it’s not yet finalized and discussions about its contents are ongoing....

....MUCH MORE 

Related, Sunday, March 29:

Flashback: Let's Face It, When You Reap The Rewards Of Money And Power, You Want To Keep The Money And Power Flowing

"Enriched uranium hidden deep in Iranian mountains could be key to ending war"

From the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, March 27:

Hidden in the mountains of Iran, there is a stockpile of canisters that could determine the future of the war.

The large steel tanks are filled with 440 kilograms of highly enriched uranium, the key ingredient for a nuclear bomb.

It has been described as the "crown jewels" of Iran's nuclear program.

For years, the regime in Tehran has spent billions of dollars amassing the material and concealing it in a sophisticated tunnel network underneath a remote mountain range.

When the US and Israel attacked Iran last June, with the sole purpose of dismantling its nuclear arsenal, US President Donald Trump said the mission was a great success.

But the enriched uranium survived.

Debate over how close Iran is to a warhead
With Israel and the United States at war again with Iran, both countries have vowed to destroy Tehran's nuclear capabilities.

But experts say that cannot be achieved unless they find and secure control of the enriched uranium.

David Albright is a world authority on nuclear weapons and the founder of the Institute for Science and International Security.

He said that if the US and Israel were unable to seize the material, Iran could race towards developing a destructive nuclear weapon.

"It wouldn't take long, even with a very small clandestine enrichment program, to turn it into weapon-grade uranium," he told the ABC.

"Israel's been going to great trouble to destroy the parts of the Iranian program that deal with making the nuclear weapons themselves.

Mr Albright explained that the material is "60 per cent enriched", which is considered the strategic step before the uranium becomes nuclear grade.

"If you have 60 per cent in enriched uranium, in terms of enrichment effort, you're 99 per cent of the way to 90 per cent, so at 60 per cent it wouldn't take long, even with a very small clandestine enrichment program, to turn it into weapon-grade uranium," he told the ABC....

....MUCH MORE, sidebars, explainers etc. 

"Is Japan nearing an FX intervention? 5 things to know"

From Nikkei Asia, March 30:

Key question is whether the yen’s slide is being driven by speculation

The yen's jittery trade around the 160 level against the dollar on Monday -- after briefly touching the key psychological threshold for the first time in 20 months -- highlights the market's central concern: the risk of currency market intervention by Japanese authorities.

The authorities were ready to take "decisive" action against speculative moves, warned Atsushi Mimura, Japan's vice finance minister for international affairs, on Monday. The warning followed the threat of "bold actions" by Finance Minister Satsuki Katayama on Friday.

The yen's brush with the threshold came amid soaring oil prices driven by the conflict in the Middle East, as investors rushed into the safe-haven greenback. The resulting currency-market uncertainty and the war's economic fallout are complicating policy management for the Bank of Japan as it seeks to navigate an exit from ultra-low interest rates.

Is an intervention possible? Here are five things to keep in mind:

What is currency market intervention?

Market players were reminded of the risk of intervention in January when the U.S. Federal Reserve conducted "a rate check" on behalf of the U.S. Treasury, a move that is considered to be a preliminary step to a possible currency intervention. A rate check literally means currency authorities making calls to ask about the currency rates, but the action implies that the authorities are ready to place orders.

In Japan, the finance ministry is in charge of the currency market, using the BOJ as its agent when it needs to place orders for interventions.

There are two types of intervention -- selling dollars for yen to support a weakened yen, or selling yen for dollars to correct an excessive yen strength.

The source of such operations is the Foreign Exchange Fund Special Account, which the ministry oversees to manage the nation's foreign currency-denominated assets.

According to a 2025 U.S.-Japan joint statement by top finance officials, the criteria for foreign-exchange intervention "should be reserved for combatting excess volatility and disorderly movements in exchange rates."

The last time Japan intervened in the forex market was in July 2024. On the back of a wide U.S.-Japan interest rate gap, the yen fell to the 161.90 range, touching its weakest level in roughly 37 years, prompting authorities to step in and prop up the yen.

Will Japan intervene?

Experts are divided over the likelihood of intervention, with views split on whether or not the yen's weakness is being driven by speculation.

Analysts at Citi Research believe that while there remains room for intervention, the probability is lower now. "We have revised down our subjective probability from around 75% before the Iran conflict started to about 60%," as recent movements suggest that the yen's fall comes not from its principal weakness but "derived more from USD strength."

Masahiko Loo, senior fixed income strategist at State Street Investment Management, sees FX intervention risks rising if the yen "decisively breaks above 162." But he noted that finance ministry action alone "is unlikely to do the heavy lifting -- making April BOJ hike increasingly necessary to stem further yen weakness."

Some market participants went further and speculated about the possibility of intervention in crude oil futures markets after officials, including Finance Minister Katayama, blamed speculative trading in oil for the yen's weakness.

Unlike currency intervention, "there is no past experience of currency authorities intervening in commodity markets," Citi analysts said. "There are considerable uncertainties and it would not be desirable from the perspective of free market principals."

How far will the yen fall?....

....MUCH MORE

Six months of USDJPY via TradingView. Higher is weaker yen i.e. more yen to buy a buck:

 

"Germany Drafts Plan to Hit US Companies in Next Trump Clash"

Keeping in mind the simple truth that countries do not have friends.

They have interests. 

From Bloomberg, March 26:

The next time Donald Trump tries to push America’s traditional allies into line, the German government intends to be better prepared.

Officials in Berlin have started mapping vulnerabilities in US supply chains to identify points where Germany and its European Union partners could apply pressure, according to people familiar with the effort. Their goal is to create a consensus among EU nations on how they can use their leverage, if and when they get drawn into another dispute with the White House.

The initial findings suggest ways to target the massive US tech firms with close ties to the White House, the officials said. Other options could aim for the AI investment boom that has helped to drive US stocks to record highs this year or push up drug prices for American voters, an issue the president has already shown he’s sensitive to.

“By sticking together, Europeans can prove to Trump that they are prepared to match him,” said Tobias Gehrke, an expert on economic statecraft at the European Council of Foreign Relations. “If Europe can credibly demonstrate that intimidation tactics don’t work, this could, over time, weaken those forces in Washington that support Trump.”

The German exercise is part of an urgent European effort to build a geopolitical framework to manage the increasing hostility of the US and the growing power of China. Yet it’s also a process that is fraught with jeopardy: across the EU, senior officials are painfully aware of how exposed their companies would be should reprisals with the US spiral out of control.

The officials cautioned that no decisions have been taken on activating the plans and their preferred outcome is to rebuild relations with the White House.

A spokeswoman for the German chancellery declined to comment; a spokesperson from the economy ministry said that trade is increasingly being used to advance nations’ own interests.

“The federal government is closely monitoring these developments with a focus on critical supply chains and dependencies,” the spokesperson told Bloomberg. “It considers not only its own dependencies but also those of countries of origin and countries that import goods from Germany and the European Union.”

Tensions between the US and Europe will come to the fore on Thursday when Group of Seven foreign ministers gather near Paris to discuss the fallout from the American-Israeli attack on Iran which has triggered a surge in energy prices around the world.

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz told German lawmakers last week that Europe needs to learn that the dependencies that emerged during the high period of globalization aren’t all on their side. Other nations rely on the EU for critical supplies, he said, and the bloc should be ready to use that leverage.

“We are identifying our interests,” he said, “and at the same time the means to defend them.”

Trump’s push to take Greenland from Denmark in January changed the thinking in Europe’s capitals, the officials said. For many, that episode proved decisively that the era of mutual transatlantic commitment has run its course. While the US remains a partner in some areas, the people said, it’s also a security risk that Europe must be prepared to counter.

“There will be no going back to the way things were,” German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier said Tuesday. “The rift is too deep.”

The work in Berlin is at a relatively early stage, with staff compiling data on European ties to the US, according to government officials. There’s also a parallel initiative taking place in Brussels, where the European Commission is mapping EU vulnerabilities ahead of a new security strategy and, as part of that process, officials have been discussing how the bloc could leverage its choke points over rival powers.

European officials are also discussing compensation mechanisms to support member states that are more exposed to US retaliation should that take place. Everyone is aware that the US still holds the upper hand.

“Germany, as an economic power, cannot afford to hide its own tools of influence,” said Cornelia Woll, president of the Berlin-based Hertie School. “However, such threats should not be used lightly, because in an interconnected world — such actions always result in costs for both sides and can potentially set off a downward spiral.”

US Pressure Points Identified by Berlin:

The Single Market

Europe’s biggest point of leverage is the market power of its 450 million affluent consumers, according to officials involved in the discussions. Restricting access or tightening regulation on American firms represents the bloc’s most potent economic weapon. The major tech firms aligned with Trump and Vice President JD Vance are particularly sensitive to EU efforts to regulate social media.

New taxes, fines or operational constraints on Alphabet Inc., Amazon.com Inc. or Meta Platforms Inc. could deliver a meaningful economic hit to profits and, in the Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act, the EU already has legislation on the books that would allow it to target US tech firms, according to Antonio Barroso, a senior geo-economics analyst at Bloomberg Economics.

Data Centers

Another pressure point lies in supply chains running artificial intelligence. US companies — from OpenAI and Anthropic to Microsoft Corp.’s AI units and Elon Musk’s X ventures — depend in part on European industrial inputs for their data center rollout, according to analysis by German officials. Those components include specialized equipment from firms like Siemens AG, the officials said.

Europe is already adapting its industrial policy to the more confrontational global environment. Through measures like the Industrial Acceleration Act, the EU is prioritizing domestic firms in public procurement and pushing for greater use of European components — going some way to shield its manufacturing base and sideline US and Chinese competitors.

Semiconductors

Export controls would prove to be even more painful weapons against the US, the German officials said. Washington remains reliant on European firms for chemicals used in semiconductor manufacturing and Dutch firm ASML and its German suppliers, Zeiss and Trumpf, produce advanced lithography machines essential for cutting-edge chip production....

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Sunday, March 29, 2026

"Severe Tropical Cyclone Narelle severely damages Exmouth airport and disrupts LNG operations in Western Australia"

From The Watchers, March 29:

Severe Tropical Cyclone Narelle made landfall just south of Coral Bay, Western Australia, on March 27, 2026, bringing destructive winds, heavy rain, and coastal impacts across the northwest coast. The storm caused significant damage in Exmouth, disrupted essential services, and forced the shutdown of major LNG facilities. 

Severe Tropical Cyclone Narelle made landfall in Western Australia on March 27 as a Category 3 system, after passing the Exmouth area as a more intense severe cyclone. ABC reported that winds of around 200 km/h (124 mph) were recorded at Learmonth, while the BoM reported rainfall of more than 300 mm (11.8 inches) at Learmonth air base on Friday night.

Exmouth sustained severe damage as winds of around 200 km/h (124 mph) were recorded at Learmonth. Power and water supplies were cut, and Exmouth Shire president Matthew Niikkula said the airport’s apron and domestic terminal had been “obliterated.”....

....Major Australian gas producers Chevron and Woodside reported cyclone-related disruptions to LNG and gas operations in Western Australia, with the most prolonged impacts reported at Chevron’s Wheatstone facility and Woodside’s Karratha gas plant....

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"Who Breaks First in the Memory Supercycle?" (AI infrastructure and servers/industrial, automotive, and telecom/consumer and cost‑driven electronics)

From EE Times, March 27:

An elasticity lens for 2026–2028 

The semiconductor memory market is once again in an up‑cycle, but it doesn’t look like the familiar boom‑and‑bust pattern veterans expect. Prices for DRAM and NAND have surged on tight wafers, capital discipline, and the gravitational pull of AI infrastructure.

Unlike prior cycles, price escalation in DRAM and NAND no longer spreads uniformly across end markets. What we’re witnessing is a structurally asymmetric supercycle in which memory’s share of the bill of materials (BOM) and an application’s reliance on capacity and bandwidth now determine who absorbs price shocks and who blinks first. In other words, elasticity has become an application‑level variable, not a commodity‑level constant.

By early 2026, DRAM pricing had climbed approximately 80% quarter‑on‑quarter, while NAND and storage pricing rose by roughly 50%. These moves were fueled by supply constraints, cautious capex from suppliers, and sustained demand from AI accelerators and data‑centric workloads. But the “rising tide” hasn’t lifted all boats equally. The divergence across segments exposes the limits of traditional commodity analysis and makes a strong case for a BOM‑centric elasticity framework to forecast behavior through 2028.

From commodity lens to BOMcentric elasticity

The core of the framework is straightforward: quantify the memory share of system BOM, gauge performance sensitivity to memory capacity or bandwidth, and assess the room to modify specs without breaking the product’s value proposition or qualification envelope.

These three axes sort applications into low-, medium-, and high-elasticity tiers—each with distinct pricing tolerance, redesign timelines, and cancellation risks.

Low elasticity: AI infrastructure and servers

AI and enterprise servers, along with select high‑end platforms, such as advanced medical imaging, sit at the inelastic end. Here, memory is architecturally inseparable from performance and monetization: High-bandwidth memory (HBM) stacks and large DDR5 footprints directly dictate throughput, latency, and accelerator utilization. Even when memory exceeds 40–50% of the BOM, cutting capacity undermines platform economics more than it saves cost.

Typical 2026 AI nodes deploy between 192 GB and 288 GB of HBM per system, with additional DDR5 and 20–30 TB of NVMe, pushing memory content into five‑digit dollars per system. Yet elasticity remains low because any reduction directly degrades accelerator utilization and total cost of ownership. Through 2026–2028, availability rather than price is expected to remain the dominant constraint.

Medium elasticity: industrial, automotive, and telecom

Industrial automation, automotive domain controllers, and telecom RAN compute live in the middle. Memory is important, but not singularly defining. These markets are governed by long qualification cycles, safety cases, and reliability regimes.

These systems operate under long qualification cycles and strict reliability constraints, limiting rapid redesign but allowing gradual adaptation. At the same time, this allows measured adaptation: capacity right‑sizing, phased rollouts, and targeted platform delays.

Typical configurations range from 32GB to 64GB of DDR4 or DDR5 memory paired with moderate storage capacities. Under continued price pressure, OEMs pursue capacity right-sizing, staggered deployments, and selective platform delays rather than immediate cancellation.

High elasticity: consumer and costdriven electronics

Consumer platforms, such as TVs, set-top boxes, and home gateways, treat memory as a cost line. While memory has a meaningful share of BOM, it provides limited differentiation payoff.

Typical configurations include 1GB–2 GB DRAM and 8–32 GB NAND or eMMC storage. Even modest memory price increases trigger immediate de‑contenting, launch delays, or program cancellations. These are the segments that break first when memory inflation exceeds perceived end‑user value.

What the elasticity lens changes in practice...

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Also at EE Times:

AI’s Booming Demand Meets a Semiconductor Reality Check

The Great Memory Stockpile

The Memory Supercycle: How Allocation Is Creating New Infrastructure Bottlenecks

Meanwhile, In Canada: Woman Has Back Pain, Goes To Hospital, Is Counseled On Assisted Suicide

From the New York Post, March 28:

Woman visiting ER for back pain stunned after doctor suggests euthanasia program  

Just die already.

A Canadian woman claims she went to the hospital for help with a sudden illness — and was shocked when a doctor offered to help her die instead.

Miriam Lancaster visited an emergency room in Vancouver in April 2025 Canada after waking up with serious back pain, according to the Western Standard.

That’s when a doctor offered Lancaster Medical Assistance in Dying, the country’s voluntary euthanasia program, before any other treatment, 

Lancaster, 84, was appalled.

“All I knew was that I woke up in excruciating pain — so much so that my daughter came running in from another room. She called an ambulance.

“Off I went to the Vancouver General Hospital and I was approached by a young lady doctor whose very first words out of her mouth were, ‘We would like to offer you MAiD,'” Miriam said in a March 18 video posted to X.

“I was taken aback. That was the last thing on my mind. I just wanted to find out why I was in pain — I did not want to die.”

The MAiD program in Canada allows eligible adults with a serious, irremediable medical conditions and intolerable, irreversible suffering to receive assistance from a doctor or nurse practitioner in ending their life....

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Previously:

July 2022 - ICYMI: Canada Expanded The Criteria For Euthanasia To Include Those Suffering Soley From Mental Illness

Just like the Nazis.
And then it was a straight line from Aktion T4 to Aktion Reinhard.
From The CBC, March 11:....

*****
....That expanded access also applies to people too poor to live with dignity.

August 2022 - Follow-Up: Euthanasia Is Now The Sixth-Leading Cause Of Death In Canada

Although Statistics Canada does not include MAID deaths in their cause of death stats last year's (2025) 16,499 assisted suicides would rank at #4 leading causes of death, just behind #3, accidental deaths (20,415 in 2024).

October 2022 - Canadian Assisted Suicide As Government Social Safety Net

October 2024 -  "Canadian doctors reveal regret over euthanizing patients who were simply obese or poor"

Flashback: Let's Face It, When You Reap The Rewards Of Money And Power, You Want To Keep The Money And Power Flowing

Originally posted March 6, 2024.

Tuning into the vibeconomy and the vibeocracy it almost feels as though there are tectonic tensions building and building. To outward appearances not much changes from day to day but the entire group of systems that we live with and depend on, economic and social, political and religio and scientific and constructed exist under tension that is increasing.

If the geological analogy is anywhere near accurate the pressure will find a way to release itself. Either bit by bit, deforming human-made institutions but maintaining most aspects of the structure, the way a fault-line slips or the pressure will be relieved catastrophically with unimaginable force and unpredictable first, second, and third order effects.

And like birds or cats human beings pick up on the vibe or piezo-electic effect or whatever it is that is sensed and have a just barely conscious feeling of unease.

From The Philosophical Salon, March 4, 2024:

Trust in Institutions and the War Dividend

Even if almost no one wants to admit it, our “system” is obsolete, and for this reason it is now morphing into a “closed system” – totalitarian in nature. It is equally clear that the few who continue to benefit materially from the capitalist system (the 0.1%) are willing to do whatever it takes to prolong its obsolete existence. At its root, contemporary capitalism works in a simple way: debt is issued from one door and purchased from another through the issuance of new debt in a depressive loop from which most of the destructive phenomena of our time originate.

The facilitators of the “debt-chasing-debt” mechanism are a class of profiteering technocrats whose main psychological trait is psychopathy. They are so devoted to the mechanism that they have become its extensions – like automatons, they work tirelessly for the mechanism, without any remorse for the devastation of human life it dispenses. The psychopathic dimension (uninhibited, manipulative, and criminally antisocial) is not, however, an exclusive prerogative of the transnational financial clique, but extends both to the political-institutional caste (from heads of government to local administrators) and the so-called intelligentsia (experts, journalists, scholars, philosophers, artists, etc.). In other words, the institutional mediation of reality is now entirely mediated by the mechanism itself. Whoever enters the system must accept its rules while also, ipso facto, assuming its psychopathological traits. Thus, blind capitalist objectivity (the drive for profit-making) becomes indistinguishable from the subjects representing it.

Because of their personality disorder, the technocrats in the control room tend to overestimate their ability to enforce a closed system that might conceal the decline of capitalist socialization. First, the tragic pandemic farce, and now the cold wind of permanent warfare, are putting the average citizen’s unconditional trust in their representative institutions to the test. If it was relatively easy to silence doubt and dissent with “humanitarian lockdowns” and emergency rule – which allowed a most opportunistic political class to briefly regain some clout – the complicity in the Gaza genocide coupled with the neo-McCarthyistic construction of the “democratic front against the Russian monster”, with related arms race, are beginning to undermine the old certainties of the silent majority.

In the new totalitarian normal, reality does not quite make it to the newsfeeds or television screens. What we get instead is the hyperreal as theorized by Jean Baudrillard, which is neither real nor fiction, but the narrative container that has replaced both. Thus, the brutal ethnic cleansing of Gaza continues at full throttle along with heart-bleeding humanitarian concerns for civilians, telegenic appeals against all forms of extremism, and cynical warnings of rampant antisemitism. At the same time, we are reminded 24/7 that the Russians (who else?) are preparing for nuclear cyberattack from space and the invasion of Europe. Without even realising it, the conspiracy theory ghostbusters turn into the very thing they love to hate. The resulting maelstrom of infotainment induces a state of collective hypnosis which proves to be more effective than traditional censorship, since it eliminates ex ante the request for a real referent, in all its radical ambiguity.

The hyper-mediation of the world aims to become the only available world. The events narrated by corporate media are no longer thought of as something other than their narration, since, in the hyperreal reversal, it is the narration itself that thinks the subject. Our saturated info-space is in the form of an infinitely malleable self-referential spectacle that a priori sterilizes all critical thought. The official debate on Gaza or Ukraine, for example, is continuously reframed into a debate on the debate itself, strictly demarcated by morally preformatted binary codes (democracy/terrorism, etc.). This tendency to liquidate the referent must be understood in its etymological sense as a tendency to “make it liquid”. It established itself, historically, as a consequence of a process of economic virtualization based on the replacement of the profitability of wage labour (real valorisation) with the simulated profitability of speculative capital.

We live in a world where the stock markets of Japan and the United Kingdom reach record highs as their economies slip into recession, while the United States manages to stay afloat courtesy of a monstrous deficit guaranteed by monetary and military hegemony. Regardless of the crash or drastic correction in the making, the ongoing financial market party (with very few invitees) is inextricably connected with the euphoria of war. Why? First, military production for “long-term security commitments” is now an essential support for increasingly sagging real growth as measured in GDP. For example, 64% of the $60.7 billion allocated to Ukraine in the latest aid package will be absorbed by the US military industry. The source here is not Putin’s TASS but the Wall Street Journal, which also admits that since the beginning of the Ukrainian conflict, US industrial production in the defence sector has increased by 17.5%.

But, above all, techno-military-industrial excitement continues to function as tailwind for a hyperinflated financial sector now in thrall to AI mania. The current S&P 500 bubble is the result of the hysterical overvaluation of a handful of tech corporations, the so-called Magnificent Seven (Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta, Microsoft, Nvidia and Tesla, which today are actually down to the Magnificent Two: Nvidia and Meta). The strong imbalance closely resembles the dot.com tech bubble of the late 1990s, when the internet excitement led to the overvaluation of Microsoft, Cisco, Amazon, eBay, Qualcomm etc. While these companies managed to save their own skins, many start-ups were wiped out by the bursting of the bubble. Ergo, a sensational market moved by the lever of Artificial Intelligence would do better to prepare itself for an equally sensational fall.

Let’s keep in mind that financial risk today is immensely higher than twenty-five years ago. Over the last two decades, the system has made itself hostage to the rather elementary ruse called “creation of liquidity out of thin air” (and related scapegoats), whose purpose is to refinance the mass of outstanding debt which supports state deficits as well as speculative bubbles populated by heaps of zombie companies. A stock market collapse of around 80%, like that of the dot.com at the end of 2000, would now be equivalent to a barrage of atomic explosions – metaphorically and literally....

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The above is by Fabio Vighi, one of our favorite Marxist professors.

Here's his latest at The Philosophical Salon, March 9:

Bombs for Bonds: Iran and the Geopolitics of Refinancing

Predictably, Iran is the next crisis in line. No sooner were we told to obsess over the latest unsealing of the Epstein files than our gaze was already redirected toward the geopolitical brinkmanship now threatening to engulf the entire Middle East. It is Iran’s turn, then, in rapid succession after Venezuela, the ongoing strangulation of Cuba, and especially the Gaza genocide – a catastrophe abruptly pushed from the news cycle. The theatre of war must be permanent, and it requires fresh meat. The long-awaited Iranian escalation fits the role: the latest bloodletting in a permanent and carefully curated carnival of violence, chaos, and outrage staged by the custodians of our glorious civilisation. The carnage is real, and so are its victims. But to focus on this theatre alone is to miss the main event, the hidden trigger of the violence now detonating around us. The real story of American power in the twenty-first century is being written in the arcane world of bond auctions, speculative bubbles, repo markets, and the relentless, silent mechanics of debt.

The modern financial system is no longer built on productivity, wages, or shared prosperity. It is built on highly leveraged speculations: an ever-expanding, increasingly abstract tower of claims on future wealth creation that the underlying economy can no longer generate. Since the 1980s, as technological productivity surged and labour’s share of value stagnated, finance metastasized to compensate. Leverage substituted for growth and debt became not just an instrument but the system’s organizing principle. And now, as the United States confronts an unprecedented wall of IOUs that must be refinanced, this foundational reality has come to drive everything else. With almost $39 trillion in federal debt and a maturity profile that demands constant rollover, the United States does not merely prefer low interest rates and exceptional monetary injections – it structurally depends on them. Moreover, it is not only the federal government that is drowning. American private-sector debt – corporate, household, and financial – now runs into the tens of trillions, much of it floating on a sea of opaque leverage and asset bubbles that would burst if interest rates failed to fall or liquidity dried up. In this context, geopolitical dominance should be framed as monetary dominance. Crisis drives capital into Treasuries, suppresses yields, and enables rollover.

Thus, the Iran escalation could paradoxically extend the lifespan of the AI bubble: geopolitical risk boosts defence-AI spending, while an oil shock may crush consumption and suppress core inflation (as the “pandemic shock” did in 2020), opening the door to renewed Federal Reserve easing and the liquidity injections required to keep the debt-driven architecture of U.S. markets intact. The strikes themselves were a joint US-Israel operation, blending American surveillance architecture with Israeli precision targeting. Notably, they were executed through AI-assisted military systems – reportedly involving models such as Anthropic’s Claude, already deployed in earlier operations like the Venezuela raid – illustrating how the very technologies inflating financial markets are simultaneously becoming embedded in the infrastructure of modern warfare. Historically, capitalism’s great technological leaps – from railways to nuclear energy to the internet – have advanced in tandem with the machinery of war. AI proves no exception.

Strip away the geopolitical drama, then, and the real story is financial fragility. The least one can say is that without the weekend bombing of Iran, U.S. market drops would have been more chaotic and disorderly, because investors would have focussed directly on financial fragility. The pressure has been building for months in the sprawling private-credit market, where lightly regulated lenders have pumped hundreds of billions into companies that traditional banks would not touch, from subprime auto financing to leveraged corporate borrowers. Early warning signs – such as the collapsing of Tricolor Holdings and First Brands (both filed for bankruptcy in September 2025, with extremely high liabilities) – suggest that cracks are appearing first in the weakest corners of the credit cycle, precisely where excess liquidity tends to accumulate when expanding. The latest rupture is the collapse of Market Financial Solutions (MFS), a UK property lender forced into administration after creditors alleged that the same collateral had been pledged multiple times, leaving more than 80% of roughly £1.2 billion in debts effectively unaccounted for.

Markets had started to notice, as even Wall Street giants like Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley have seen sharp equity declines of roughly 6%. It is a worrying signal when institutions of systemic importance come under pressure rather than the usual fringe lenders. Against this backdrop, warnings from Jamie Dimon (CEO of JP Morgan) about risks echoing the 2007-08 Global Financial Crisis sound less like cautious rhetoric and more like a reminder of a familiar pattern: excessive leverage, opaque credit structures and complacent markets suddenly colliding with tighter conditions. If the system begins to buckle, the Federal Reserve will once again be expected to step in.

The financial architecture operates through two interlocking mechanisms, both converging on the same objective: keeping U.S. borrowing costs low. The first is the dollar’s exorbitant privilege as world reserve currency. When the U.S. asserts dominance, global uncertainty rises – but mostly outside U.S. borders. Capital tends to flee the periphery and concentrate in the core. Treasuries absorb this demand, and yields fall. In these instances, American power is rewarded with cheaper financing. This privilege must be actively maintained. Military assertiveness entails permanent commitments, including defence spending, security guarantees, and reconstruction. These are not costs incurred in service of stability; they are the machinery through which instability is perpetuated. We inhabit a permanent state of exception, a system that must manufacture enemies and crises in order to suspend fiscal and monetary restraint. In such a system, the measures justified as temporary quickly become permanent. War-related costs widen deficits, accelerate Treasury issuance, and eventually test the market’s capacity to absorb debt. At that point, the second mechanism begins: central bank intervention. The same state of exception that justified the bombs now justifies the printing press.....

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"Global Helium Shortage Begins to Constrain High-Density Compute and Cooling Systems"

From the high performance computing mavens at HPC Wire, March 27:

The tightened supply of helium due to the Middle East conflict has started to expose a weak link in the AI and data infrastructure stack – helium. While most of the industry stays focused on chips and models, helium plays a small but crucial role in the manufacturing of semiconductors and cooling systems.

When chips are being manufactured, helium acts as a stable gas to keep the process as precise as possible. As helium is chemically inert (does not react with other materials), it creates a clean and controlled environment where even the smallest variations could otherwise ruin an entire batch of chips.

Helium also plays a critical role in cooling. It helps carry heat away from servers and critical components before they overheat. The chemical properties of helium make it more efficient than regular air in removing heat. It is also safer to use in high-density environments such as AI data centers that have sensitive electronics.

Helium is used during wafer fabrication in processes such as plasma etching and chemical vapor deposition. It is also used for heat transfer and backside wafer cooling, enabling uniform temperature control during lithography and other high-precision steps. In simple terms, helium helps keep modern data centers running, from making computer chips to keeping servers from overheating.

Commenting on the supply risk for helium, the Semiconductor Industry Association wrote in 2023 that “helium’s unique properties as an inert gas and a high thermal conductor make it ideal for use in functions that require preventing unwanted chemical reactions and ensuring control and precision of wafer temperatures.”

As HPC systems push toward higher density and performance, even small disruptions in cooling or chip supply can ripple across research workloads, AI training clusters, and national supercomputing facilities. These systems run at extreme power density, where even small inefficiencies in cooling can quickly impact performance and stability....

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 March 21 - Semiconductors: The Helium Shortage Is No Laughing Matter

Saturday, March 28, 2026

"BlackRock’s Larry Fink: AI Is Not a Bubble — Power Is the Real Bottleneck"

From TECHi.com March 27, 2026 · 8:28 PM EDT :

BlackRock CEO Larry Fink just told the world what most of Wall Street is still missing: the artificial intelligence boom is real, it is not a bubble, and the companies that will dominate the next decade are not necessarily the ones writing the algorithms. They are the ones building the power plants, laying the electrical grids, and training the electricians. In his 2026 annual chairman’s letter — released March 23 from the helm of the world’s largest asset manager with $14 trillion under management — Fink laid out a thesis that reframes the entire AI investment narrative. The bottleneck that will determine winners and losers in the AI era is not semiconductor supply, software capability, or even data. It is electricity.

This is a structural shift in how capital markets should think about artificial intelligence. While investors remain fixated on Nvidia’s earnings and the latest large language model, a $7 trillion infrastructure buildout is accelerating beneath the surface — and the companies positioned to capture that opportunity are not the ones dominating the headlines. AI runs on electricity, not just algorithms, and the race to power the intelligence revolution is becoming the defining investment story of the decade.

“This Is Not a Bubble” — But It’s Not What You Think

Fink has been unusually direct in pushing back against the AI bubble narrative. Speaking to CNBC in late 2025, he acknowledged the scale of capital deployment but rejected the implication that it signals irrational exuberance: “There is certainly a skyrocketing amount of capital being put to work. If you put it in a framework of geopolitical positioning, we as a country need these investments if we’re going to be the leader in AI technology.”

The distinction matters. Bubbles are characterized by speculative excess chasing imaginary demand. What Fink sees instead is real demand from the world’s largest technology companies that is outstripping the physical capacity to deliver. Microsoft disclosed an $80 billion backlog of Azure AI orders that it cannot fulfill — not because the software doesn’t work, but because there isn’t enough power to run it. Amazon, Alphabet, Meta, and Oracle are collectively planning over $600 billion in capital expenditure for 2026 alone, a 36% increase over 2025. That is not speculation. That is companies racing to build physical infrastructure to serve demand that already exists.

The Scale of the AI Buildout: $7 Trillion and Counting

The numbers are staggering. McKinsey estimates the total investment required to scale AI data center infrastructure through 2030 at $6.7 trillion — roughly the GDP of Japan and Germany combined. Building a single gigawatt of data center capacity costs between $40 billion and $60 billion, according to estimates from Nvidia and independent research. Global data center demand is projected to grow from approximately 55 gigawatts today to between 170 and 220 gigawatts by 2030 — a near-quadrupling that requires building the equivalent of the entire current U.S. data center fleet every 18 months.

To put this in perspective, Goldman Sachs projects that data center power demand will increase 165% by the end of the decade, requiring approximately $720 billion in grid spending in the United States alone. Hyperscalers raised $108 billion in debt during 2025, and projections suggest $1.5 trillion in total debt issuance over the coming years to finance the buildout. AI capital expenditure now consumes 94% of hyperscaler operating cash flows after dividends and buybacks — an all-in bet on physical infrastructure that dwarfs any previous technology investment cycle.

The capital commitments are accelerating across every major player. Meta Platforms signed the largest single cloud and data center contract in its history — a $27 billion deal with Nebius Group, including $12 billion in dedicated AI infrastructure capacity beginning in early 2027 and an additional $15 billion from Nebius’ broader cloud operations. CEO Mark Zuckerberg has pledged up to $600 billion in U.S. infrastructure projects by 2028 to scale AI capabilities. Nvidia reinforced the trend with a $2 billion investment in Nebius — a signal that the GPU maker sees the “neocloud” infrastructure layer as critical to downstream AI demand. Across the industry, the largest cloud and AI players have collectively invested more than $650 billion in 2026 on facilities and equipment to support next-generation AI applications.

The Power Problem: AI’s True Constraint

This is where Fink’s thesis gets sharp, and where most investors are still behind the curve. The binding constraint on AI growth is not chip supply — Nvidia’s production is scaling. It is not software — the models keep getting better and more efficient. The constraint is power. Reliable, affordable, scalable electricity.

The International Energy Agency projects global data center electricity consumption will reach approximately 945 terawatt-hours by 2030 — more than double current levels and roughly equivalent to the entire electricity consumption of Japan. In the United States, data centers are expected to account for nearly half of all electricity demand growth through the end of the decade. Morgan Stanley warns of a 49-gigawatt generation shortfall in the U.S. alone by 2028 — a deficit that cannot be closed by building solar panels or wind farms fast enough.

The grid connection bottleneck is equally severe. Average lead times to connect new power generation to the grid exceed four years in primary U.S. markets. GE Vernova’s gas turbine order book — the fastest path to reliable baseload power — has an 80-gigawatt backlog stretching into 2029. Hyperscalers have responded by going off-grid entirely: one unnamed company is investing $20 billion in an energy park with colocated generation, storage, and computing load designed to bypass the queue. Energy is becoming the new silicon — and the companies that secure power first will have an insurmountable competitive advantage.

China vs. the West: The Geopolitical Energy Race

Fink’s geopolitical framing is not accidental. China is winning the AI energy race, and it is not close. Goldman Sachs estimates that by 2030, China will have approximately 400 gigawatts of spare power capacity — triple the expected needs of the entire global data center fleet. China generates more than twice as much electricity as the United States and has been adding capacity at roughly 6% per year for a decade. Its reserve margins run 80-100%, while U.S. regional grids operate at 15% margins that buckle during extreme weather.

The nuclear contrast is stark. China has 102 reactors operational, under construction, or approved — representing 113 gigawatts — and approved 10 additional reactors in April 2025 alone. Beijing targets 200 gigawatts of nuclear capacity by 2030 and 400-500 gigawatts by 2050. The United States, by comparison, is celebrating the potential reopening of the Three Mile Island plant by 2028 to serve Microsoft. David Fishman, a Chinese electricity expert who briefed visiting AI industry executives, summarized the disparity: “They’re set up to hit grand slams. The U.S., at best, can get on base.”....

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