Wednesday, May 2, 2018

Tesla Conference Call: Pray For Elon (TSLA)

Oh dear, oh dear.
Earlier:
Tesla Drops 5% After Musk Refuses To Take Questions From Analyst (TSLA)

Tesla Drops 5% After Musk Refuses To Take Questions From Analyst (TSLA)

"Cliff, good news for you. Both of your opponents came up with incorrect responses and what that means is that, even if you're wrong, as long as you didn't do anything foolish like wager everything, you're a cinch winner."
—Alex Trebek, What is...Cliff Clavin (1990)

Should You Sell In May and Go Away?

Via StockCats:

Natural disasters and demand for redistribution: lessons from an earthquake

Via the Munich Personal RePEc Archive, May 1, 2018:
Abstract
 The literature shows that when a society believes that wealth is determined by random “luck” rather than by merit, it demands more redistribution. Adverse shocks, like earthquakes, strengthen the belief that random “bad luck” can frustrate the outcomes achieved with merit. We theoretically illustrate that individuals react to such shocks by raising support for redistribution. We then present evidence of this behavior by exploiting a natural experiment provided by one of the strongest seismic events that occurred in Italy in the last three decades, the L’Aquila earthquake in 2009. We assemble a novel dataset by matching information on the ground acceleration registered throughout the National Strong Motion Network during the earthquake with survey data about individual opinions on redistribution collected a few months later. The empirical analysis illustrates that the intensity of the shakes is associated with subsequent stronger beliefs that, for a society to be fair, income inequalities should be levelled by redistribution.
...MORE (including the download page at the Universitätsbibliothek, LMU München)

"Mark Zuckerberg Doesn’t Understand Journalism"

What's that? Tesla? Meh.
You saw the options pricing going into earnings and, if you've been visiting the blog over the years you may also have the old-timey Brit nature show narrator on the soundtrack.
As the lions approach the wildebeest: "Sadly now, there can be but one outcome."

The straddle writers being the lions and the speculators being the wildebeest. The writers hedge in the equity so they at least pick up the vig but the absolute best outcome for them is a stock price close to unchanged and near a strike price. Early after-hours action: $302.75  up $1.60. Why waste the pixels?
Maybe more tomorrow but now a real Zuckster.

From The Atlantic May 1: 

Mark Zuckerberg Doesn’t Understand Journalism
Either that, or he doesn’t care.

Mark Zuckerberg wants you to know that he cares, really cares, about journalism.
“I view our responsibility in news as two things,” he said in a wide-ranging conversation with a small group of news editors and executives assembled in Palo Alto for a journalism gathering known as Off the Record on Tuesday afternoon. “One is making sure people can get trustworthy news.”

The other, he said, “is building common ground in society.” It turns out that “common ground” is suddenly Zuckerberg’s preferred euphemism. (That, and “community.”)

“You’re not going to be able to bridge common ground,” he said, unless you have a “common set of facts so that you can at least have a coherent debate.”
And here’s where the contradictions flood in.

Zuckerberg runs a media company that distributes news, but doesn’t have a proper newsroom. He runs a media company that has—with Google’s help—dominated the vast majority of digital ad dollars and eviscerated the journalism industry’s business model, all while preaching about the importance of journalism. He runs a media company that, he says, believes deeply in the need to sustain independent journalism, but won’t pay publishers to license journalistic content. And he runs a media company that has decided to show its users less news from professional outlets—it’s really not what people want to see, he says—in favor of more individual opinions.

According to Zuckerberg, the way you find common ground—a common set of facts—is not through professional news outlets, but via individuals. And Facebook, with its 2 billion or so users, has plenty of them. But while Zuckerberg said Facebook is now ranking news outlets by trustworthiness—in person, he didn’t seem to distinguish among the quality of opinions.

“I do think that in general, within a news organization, there is an opinion,” he said. “I do think that a lot of what you all do, is have an opinion and have a view.”...MORE
Earlier:
"CEO Mark Zuckerberg Says Facebook Will Rank News Outlets By Trustworthiness" (FB)

BlackRock Goes For Private Equity Margins

From Pension Pulse:

BlackRock Beefs Up its PE Group?
Trevor Hunnicutt of Reuters reports, BlackRock hires private equity specialists from Goldman Sachs:
BlackRock Inc said on Monday it is hiring two specialists from Goldman Sachs Group Inc to bolster its private equity business in New York, according to a staff memo.

Steve Lessar and Konnin Tam will join the world’s largest asset management company from Goldman Sachs this summer, according to the document, which was seen by Reuters.

Each will be responsible for expanding BlackRock’s role within a business that effectively enables investors in private companies and funds that invest in such firms to resell their stakes to other institutions. Normally, that money is locked up for years.

This market for “secondary” private capital saw a record $58 billion in transaction activity in 2017, according to investment bank Greenhill & Co Inc, with money chasing better returns than exist within public markets....
...Larry Fink is no fool, he knows where the big margins (highest fees) are in asset management and it's definitely not in stocks & bonds, BlackRock's traditional bread and butter business.

He first hired Mark Wiseman away from CPPIB to join his firm and recently hired André Bourbonnais from PSP to build this private markets team up.

Now he's hiring Steve Lessar and Konnin Tam, two stars at Goldman Sachs' Private Equity Group who specialize in secondaries.

You might be asking why secondaries? Let me explain. Go back to read my comment on whether CalPERS is outsourcing its private equity to BlackRock.

Early in January, John Gittelsohn and Melissa Mittelman of Bloomberg reported, Calpers Seeks Help Running Its $40 Billion Private Equity Portfolio:...
...MUCH MORE

"CEO Mark Zuckerberg Says Facebook Will Rank News Outlets By Trustworthiness" (FB)

From the Huffington Post:

The social media titan says the rankings will determine placement in its News Feed feature.
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said in a meeting Tuesday with media executives that the company has begun implementing a system of ranking news organizations by trust, relying on user surveys to determine which news sources are “broadly trusted.”

News organizations that scored higher on the ranking would be promoted in Facebook’s News Feed, while those with lower trust scores would be suppressed, Zuckerberg said. The effort is part of Facebook’s pledge to “take a broader view of our responsibilities,” he said after a bruising year in which the platform has been criticized for being used to undermine elections, foment division and spread hate speech. 
Zuckerberg’s remarks came after his keynote address at Facebook’s F8 developer conference, in which he unveiled a series of new features on the platform. He met with executives from The New York Times, BuzzFeed, Atlantic Media, CNN, News Corp., HuffPost and other news organizations at a conference of media leaders convened by The Information, a technology news site.
The usually reticent CEO has been on a charm offensive of sorts in the last month, testifying before Congress, granting extensive interviews to news organizations and speaking contritely and publicly about how the company he started in his Harvard dorm room has grown to have an unanticipated and highly negative impact on democracy across the globe. 
Zuckerberg said that Facebook has a responsibility to help reduce polarization and help people find “common ground” and that a shared set of facts and a common understanding of truth is essential for democracy. 

“It’s not useful if someone’s just kind of repeating the same thing and attempting to polarize or drive people to the extremes,” Zuckerberg said.
He said he hoped Facebook could help find sustainable business models for journalism... 
...MORE  

Helpfully, in November 2016 the Washington Post pushed to the forefront of public consciousness the PropOrNot website, so Zuck's work is half-done before he even breaks a sweat.

Some of the reviews of that earlier effort:
.
And our contributions: 

"Ahem! Uber, Lyft etc: California Supremes just shook your gig economy with contractor ruling"

From The Register:

Now it's a little more tricky to claim a worker isn't a staffer
The business models of Uber, Lyft, Instacart, TaskRabbit, GrubHub and numerous other "gig economy" companies may need an overhaul following a decision by the California Supreme Court to redefine when someone is a contractor or an employee.

In a decision this week that went against delivery company Dynamex Operations West, the US state's top court ditched a key test for determining if someone is an employee – and put its weight behind a simpler one that has the knock-on effect of making it much harder to claim people working for an organization are not employees.

Dynamex decided in 2004 that its drivers – who had previously been employees – were now independent contractors. The drivers sued and lost. They appealed and won in appeals court. The company then appealed that decision. And now the Supreme Court has decided: the appeals court was right and the drivers were employees.

The impact may be significant: if someone is taken to be an employee, the company becomes legally responsible for ensuring they meet minimum wage and overtime laws, offer unemployment insurance, rest breaks, pay payroll taxes and so on.

That is not only an administrative burden that can cost a business 20 per cent or more per employee but can also greatly reduces a company's flexibility, likely requiring it to do more with fewer people....MUCH MORE

"Hyperloop for cargo? Virgin's Richard Branson and Dubai port operator team up on ultra-fast transporter"

From CNBC:
  • DP World and Virgin Hyperloop One are collaborating to launch ultra-fast hyperloop for cargo.
  • DP World Cargospeed is designed to deliver goods at speeds of up to 620 miles per hour and link to existing roads, rail and air infrastructure.
  • Hyperloop is a super-fast ground transport method first envisioned by Tesla founder Elon Musk, which promises to be faster than air travel but also cheaper.
International port operator DP World and Virgin Hyperloop One are collaborating to launch ultra-fast hyperloop for cargo, in what they hope will revolutionize both the speed and cost of commerce.

The project, DP World Cargospeed, will be powered with Virgin Hyperloop One's technology to "enable ultra-fast, on-demand deliveries of high-priority goods and can revolutionize logistics, support economic zones, and create thriving economic megaregions," according to the two entities.
Sitting beside DP World Group Chairman Sultan Ahmed Bin Sulayem in Dubai, Virgin Hyperloop One Chairman Richard Branson told CNBC's Hadley Gamble in an exclusive interview on Sunday, "I think that Virgin Hyperloop can play a big role ... From a freight point of view, it's fantastically exciting."

DP World Cargospeed will aim to deliver goods at speeds of up to 620 miles per hour and link to existing roads, rail and air infrastructure. A timeline for completion was not specified....MORE

"Will EU Block China Economic Silk Road?"

From the blog of F. William Engdahl 26 April 2018:
In the clearest sign to date, EU Ambassadors to Beijing have just released a document critical of China’s vast Belt, Road Initiative or New Economic Silk Road infrastructure project. All EU ambassadors excepting Hungary signed off on the paper in a declaration of growing EU opposition to what is arguably the most promising economic project in the past century if not more. The move fits conveniently with the recent Trump Administration targeting of China technology trade as tensions grow .

Twenty-seven of the 28 EU ambassadors to China have just signed a report sharply critical of China’s BRI development. Ironically, as if the EU states or their companies did not do the same, the report attacks China for using the BRI to hamper free trade and put Chinese companies at an advantage. The document claims that the Chinese New Economic Silk Road project, unveiled by Xi Jinping in 2013, “runs counter to the EU agenda for liberalizing trade and pushes the balance of power in favor of subsidized Chinese companies.”

Two Models of Global Development
Chinese President Xi Jinping first proposed what today is the Belt, Road Initiative, today the most ambitious infrastructure project in modern history, at a university in Kazakhstan five years ago in 2013. Despite repeated efforts by Beijing to enlist the European Union as a whole and individual EU member states, the majority to date have remained cool or distant with the exception of Hungary, Greece and several eastern EU countries. When China officially launched the project and held an international conference in Beijing in May 2017, it was largely boycotted by EU heads of state. Germany’s Merkel sent her economics minister who accused the Chinese of lack of commitments to social and environmental sustainability and transparency in procurement.

Now 27 of 28 EU ambassadors in Beijing have signed a statement suspiciously similar to that of the German position. According to the German business daily, Handelsblatt, the EU ambassadors’ declaration states that the China BRI “runs counter to the EU agenda for liberalizing trade and pushes the balance of power in favor of subsidized Chinese companies.” Hungary was the only country refusing to sign.
The latest EU statement, soon to be followed by a long critical report on the new Silk Road from the EU Commission in Brussels, fits very much the agenda of the Trump Administration in its latest trade tariffs against Chinese goods that alleges that Chinese companies force US partners to share technology in return for projects in China.

Moreover, the EU Commission has just released a long report on China in connection with new EU anti-dumping rules. The report declares that the fact that China is a state-directed economy with state-owned enterprises engaging in the construction of the Belt Road Initiative is in effect “the problem.” China answers that her economy is in the “primary stage of socialism”, has a “socialist market economy” and views the state-owned economy as the “leading force” of national development. The targeting of China’s state enterprises and of its state-directed economic model is a direct attack on her very economic model. Beijing is not about to scrap that we can be sure.

The latest stance of EU member states, led by Germany and Macron’s France, is an attempt to pressure China into adhering to the 2013 World Bank document, China 2030. There, as we noted in an earlier analysis, it declared that China must complete radical market reforms, to follow the failed Western “free market” model implemented in the West since the 1970’s with disastrous consequences for employment and stability. China 2030 states, “It is imperative that China … develop a market-based system with sound foundations…while a vigorous private sector plays the more important role of driving growth.” The report, cosigned then by the Chinese Finance Ministry and State Council, further declared that “China’s strategy toward the world will need to be governed by a few key principles: open markets, fairness and equity, mutually beneficial cooperation, global inclusiveness and sustainable development.”... 
...MUCH MORE

"'Biohacker' Who Injected Himself with DIY Herpes Treatment Found Dead"

From LiveScience:
The CEO of a biomedical startup who sparked controversy when he injected himself with an untested herpes treatment in front of a live audience in February has died, according to an email sent to Live Science.

Aaron Traywick, the CEO of Ascendance Biomedical, was found dead at 11:30 a.m. ET on Sunday (April 29) in a spa room in Washington, D.C., according to a statement provided to Live Science by the Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) of the District of Columbia. Traywick was 28 years old.
According to the website News2Share.com, Traywick was found in a flotation tank. Flotation tanks are soundproof pods filled with body-temperature saltwater that are used to promote "sensory deprivation."...MORE

Currencies: What's Up With the Buck?

Two weeks of Dollar Index futures via FinViz:


That's pretty darn relentless. 92.18 last, down 0.07.
From Marc to Market:

Confident Fed Key to New Found Respect for the Dollar
There is a brief respite in the powerful short squeeze that has fueled the dollar's dramatic recovery. The greenback which was nearly friendless a month ago now has many suitors. It is higher on the year against all the major currencies but the yen (~2.6%), the Norwegian krone (~1.6%) and sterling ~0.9%). It is virtually flat against the euro.

The contrast between the Federal Reserve, which is likely to confirm its intention to continue to gradually guide US rates higher later today, and the ECB, which sound more cautious than confident, and the BOJ, which continues to press hard and refuses to even discuss an exit. Then there is the Bank of England, where Carney, and in fairness, some soft data, once again yanked the football away as it was about to be kicked. A rate hike next week now would be more disruptive than standing pat.

With the euro straddling the $1.20 level, we note several technical levels converge in the $1.1920-$1.1935 range. There are many with long euro exposures that are trapped from higher levels by the speed of the move. The euro's recovery to $1.2030 brought in fresh selling. The dollar is knocking on JPY110.00. Above there we see initial potential into the JPY110.50-JPY110.65 area. Sterling is through the neckline of a possible double top (~$1.37), which should offer resistance now. It projects toward $1.30-$1.31 near the 50% retracement of the rally from the flash crash low (on Bloomberg) in October 2016. More immediately, support is seen near $1.3550, a retracement objective of the leg up since last November.

The Australian dollar has recovered from the brief push through $0.7480-$0.7500 area which had held last December. That put the Aussie at its lowest level since last June. It is possible that area corresponds to a neckline of a double top pattern (Sept 2017 and Jan 2018 ~$0.8100). If valid, the would suggest a measuring objective near $0.6850 or where it bottomed in 2016. While the other currencies are trending lower, the Canadian dollar has moved broadly sideways in recent days. With a couple of exceptions, the CAD1.2820-CAD1.2900 has contained the US dollar for the past seven-eight sessions.

Asia's economic reports included Japanese auto sales
, which rose (0.5%) for the first time since last September. South Korea reported higher April CPI (1.6% vs. 1.3% in March), led by food and transportation. The central bank targets 2%. The core rate, which excludes oil and agriculture, edged up to 1.4% from 1.3%. China's Caixin manufacturing PMI ticked up to 51.1 from 51.0. The market had expected a slightly softer report. New Zealand reported a drop in the unemployment rate (4.4% v. 4.5%), to a new nine-year low. The participation rate eased (70.8% vs. 70.9% and was initially 71%), and private sector wages slowed in Q1.

China's markets re-opened after a two-day holiday. The Shanghai and Shenzhen composites slipped fractionally, but the CSI 300 managed to eke out a small gain. An index of H-shares fell over 1%. The yuan declined by 0.5% and saw its lowest level in more than three months. The PBOC set the reference rate 0.44% lower, which is a little more than the market expected. Some observers seem to be seeing an implicit threat ahead of the talks with a team of senior US Administration officials, led by Treasury Secretary Mnuchin, and including Lighthizer and Navarro.... 
...MORE

"Icebergs could float to the rescue of Cape Town water crisis"

From Reuters Africa:
Marine salvage experts are floating a plan to tug icebergs from Antarctica to South Africa’s drought-hit Cape Town to help solve the region’s worst water shortage in a century.

Salvage master Nick Sloane told Reuters he was looking for government and private investors for a scheme to guide huge chunks of ice across the ocean, chop them into a slury and melt them down into millions of litres of drinking water.

“We want to show that if there is no other source to solve the water crisis, we have another idea no one else has thought of yet,” said Sloane, who led the refloating of the capsized Italian passenger liner Costa Concordia in 2014.

South Africa has declared a national disaster over the drought that hit its southern and western regions after 2015 and 2016 turned into two of the driest years on record.

Tough water restrictions are already in place and Cape Town authorities have warned that taps could run dry altogether as soon as next year if winter rains do not come to the rescue of the port city’s 4 million residents....MORE 
Recently:
"Has Africa Run Out of Water?"

Tuesday, May 1, 2018

WeWork, WeCrash

From ZeroHedge:
Just days after it began trading, WeWork's freshly minted $702 million bond issue is crashing as the massively over-subscribed junk bond issue sees dramatic buyer's remorse...

The high yield bond sold for par last week and is now trading with a 95 handle, which, as Bloomberg reports, stands in sharp contrast to the outsized orders the company saw when it marketed its debt in primary markets last week.

The company had initially sought to issue $500 million of the securities, but decided to upsize once the orders came pouring in, a person with knowledge of the situation said. The seemingly odd-lot number of $702 million was chosen in part because the company considered it a lucky number, another person said.
https://www.zerohedge.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/2018-05-01_10-26-13.jpg?itok=FnokJr5w
WeWork’s deal underscored the risks investors have been willing to take in the new-issue market as they struggle to find high-yielding assets. The office-space leasing company joined a wave of high-flying cash-burning firms that have managed to recently tap debt markets, like Uber Technologies Inc. and Netflix Inc.

The bond was the most active in the U.S. high-yield market on Monday, Trace data show....
... MORE

Recently: The FT Alphaville posts embedded in "The WeWork Chronicles (you won't believe #3)".

People, People "That Time The National Security Agency Invented Bitcoin"

I just saw some of the comments in the Alphaville post to which we linked this morning: "Hey crypto bros! Journalism ≠ advertising" and, reading the crypto bros, I could think of nothing so much as Marlon Brando's thoughts on Burt Reynolds:


"He worships at the temple of his own narcissism."

If you have a moment do check out a few of the Crypto-comments to get a feel for....I'm not sure what exactly:
sdg
Funny enough, Jemima is basically proving CZ’s point with this terribly misinformed article.
“HODLing means you are not actually using crypto for payments, its original intended purpose. ”
Thinking crypto is just for payments displays a huge amount of ignorance. Has the author of this piece heard of smart contracts? Does she even know what they are? This piece indicates probably not.
This article is written by someone who knows little about crypto, for readers who know little about crypto but want to feel good about their decision to stay out of it....

...sdg
Perhaps, but that is the original intended purpose for bitcoin. The idea that the original intended purpose for crypto in general is payments and only payments, is completely wrong.

I can't swear to the provenance of the piece below but it came to us via a gentleman with a bunch of letters from Harvard following his name who refers to MIT as "The trade school down the river".

If it had been ciphered onto an immutable blockchain the provenance question would be moot but it wasn't, that's life.

I was too chicken to post it until last December:
One of the commenters in the post immediately below, "The FT's Izabella Kaminska Explores the Numéraire and Why It Matters" mentions the fairly widely known fact that the NSA is the home of the SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) and includes the link.

There is another link that I think is even more interesting, this one hosted at:
http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/money/nsamint/nsamint.htm
The link goes to:

Anonymous: Fried, Frank got NSA's permission to make this report available. They have offered to make copies available by contacting them at <21stcen ffhsj.com=""> or (202) 639-7200. See: http://www.ffhsj.com/bancmail/21starch/961017.htm

Received October 31, 1996


With the Compliments of Thomas P. Vartanian
Fried, Frank, Harris, Schriver & Jacobson
1001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20004-2505
Telephone: (202) 639-7200


HOW TO MAKE A MINT: THE CRYPTOGRAPHY OF ANONYMOUS ELECTRONIC CASH

Laurie Law, Susan Sabett, Jerry Solinas
National Security Agency Office of Information Security Research and Technology
Cryptology Division
18 June 1996


CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1. WHAT IS ELECTRONIC CASH?
1.1 Electronic Payment
1.2 Security of Electronic Payments
1.3 Electronic Cash
1.4 Multiple Spending
2. A CRYPTOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION
2.1 Public-Key Cryptographic Tools
2.2 A Simplified Electronic Cash Protocol
2.3 Untraceable Electronic Payments
2.4 A Basic Electronic Cash Protocol
3. PROPOSED OFF-LINE IMPLEMENTATIONS
3.1 Including Identifying Information
3.2 Authentication and Signature Techniques
3.3 Summary of Proposed Implementations
4. OPTIONAL FEATURES OF OFF-LINE CASH
4. 1 Transferability
4.2 Divisibility
5. SECURITY ISSUES
5.1 Multiple Spending Prevention
5.2 Wallet Observers
5.3 Security Failures
5.4 Restoring Traceability
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES


INTRODUCTION

With the onset of the Information Age, our nation is becoming increasingly dependent upon network communications. Computer-based technology is significantly impacting our ability to access, store, and distribute information. Among the most important uses of this technology is electronic commerce: performing financial transactions via electronic information exchanged over telecommunications lines. A key requirement for electronic commerce is the development of secure and efficient electronic payment systems. The need for security is highlighted by the rise of the Internet, which promises to be a leading medium for future electronic commerce.

Electronic payment systems come in many forms including digital checks, debit cards, credit cards, and stored value cards. The usual security features for such systems are privacy (protection from eavesdropping), authenticity (provides user identification and message integrity), and nonrepudiation (prevention of later denying having performed a transaction) .

The type of electronic payment system focused on in this paper is electronic cash. As the name implies, electronic cash is an attempt to construct an electronic payment system modelled after our paper cash system. Paper cash has such features as being: portable (easily carried), recognizable (as legal tender) hence readily acceptable, transferable (without involvement of the financial network), untraceable (no record of where money is spent), anonymous (no record of who spent the money) and has the ability to make "change." The designers of electronic cash focused on preserving the features of untraceability and anonymity. Thus, electronic cash is defined to be an electronic payment system that provides, in addition to the above security features, the properties of user anonymity and payment untraceability..

In general, electronic cash schemes achieve these security goals via digital signatures. They can be considered the digital analog to a handwritten signature. Digital signatures are based on public key cryptography. In such a cryptosystem, each user has a secret key and a public key. The secret key is used to create a digital signature and the public key is needed to verify the digital signature. To tell who has signed the information (also called the message), one must be certain one knows who owns a given public key. This is the problem of key management, and its solution requires some kind of authentication infrastructure. In addition, the system must have adequate network and physical security to safeguard the secrecy of the secret keys.

This report has surveyed the academic literature for cryptographic techniques for implementing secure electronic cash systems. Several innovative payment schemes providing user anonymity and payment untraceability have been found. Although no particular payment system has been thoroughly analyzed, the cryptography itself appears to be sound and to deliver the promised anonymity.
These schemes are far less satisfactory, however, from a law enforcement point of view. In particular, the dangers of money laundering and counterfeiting are potentially far more serious than with paper cash. These problems exist in any electronic payment system, but they are made much worse by the presence of anonymity. Indeed, the widespread use of electronic cash would increase the vulnerability of the national financial system to Information Warfare attacks. We discuss measures to manage these risks; these steps, however, would have the effect of limiting the users' anonymity.

This report is organized in the following manner. Chapter 1 defines the basic concepts surrounding electronic payment systems and electronic cash. Chapter 2 provides the reader with a high level cryptographic description of electronic cash protocols in terms of basic authentication mechanisms. Chapter 3 technically describes specific implementations that have been proposed in the academic literature. In Chapter 4, the optional features of transferability and divisibility for off-line electronic cash are presented. Finally, in Chapter 5 the security issues associated with electronic cash are discussed.

The authors of this paper wish to acknowledge the following people for their contribution to this research effort through numerous discussions and review of this paper: Kevin Igoe, John Petro, Steve Neal, and Mel Currie.


1. WHAT IS ELECTRONIC CASH?

We begin by carefully defining "electronic cash." This term is often applied to any electronic payment scheme that superficially resembles cash to the user. In fact, however, electronic cash is a specific kind of electronic payment scheme, defined by certain cryptographic properties. We now focus on these properties....

...MUCH, MUCH MORE

A couple other posts that turned up while I was looking for the above:

"Is an Editable Blockchain the Future of Finance?"
So the lady asked, "Inquiring minds want to know: can blockchain reconcile 200% institutional ETF ownership?".
Sure, why not.
Of course this is no longer blockchain, it's some sort of database combined with an eraser head. We'll call it 'blockhead'.
And for total indecipherable inscrutability:

CIA Admits to Snooping On Noam Chomsky (and Richard Dawkins swings by)
The CIA couldn't make heads or tails of what Chomsky was talking about....
From Foreign Policy:
For years, the Central Intelligence Agency denied it had a secret file on MIT professor and famed dissident Noam Chomsky. But a new government disclosure obtained by The Cable reveals for the first time that the agency did in fact gather records on the anti-war iconoclast during his heyday in the 1970s.

The disclosure also reveals that Chomsky's entire CIA file was scrubbed from Langley's archives, raising questions as to when the file was destroyed and under what authority.

The breakthrough in the search for Chomsky's CIA file comes in the form of a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. For years, FOIA requests to the CIA garnered the same denial: "We did not locate any records responsive to your request." The denials were never entirely credible, given Chomsky's brazen anti-war activism in the 60s and 70s -- and the CIA's well-documented track record of domestic espionage in the Vietnam era. But the CIA kept denying, and many took the agency at its word .... MORE
When consulted the Chomskybot replied:
"It may be, then, that the descriptive power of the base component is not quite equivalent to the extended c-command discussed in connection with (34). A consequence of the approach just outlined is that a descriptively adequate grammar is unspecified with respect to a general convention regarding the forms of the grammar. Nevertheless, the theory of syntactic features developed earlier is rather different from a descriptive fact. In the discussion of resumptive pronouns following (81), the systematic use of complex symbols is, apparently, determined by the system of base rules exclusive of the lexicon. So far, the natural general principle that will subsume this case is to be regarded as the ultimate standard that determines the accuracy of any proposed grammar...."
For students, the Chomskybot can give you the same leg up in linguistics that postmodern literature aficionados (and Richard Dawkins!*) have enjoyed via the Postmodernism Generator:

Derridaist reading and Lyotardist narrative 
Stefan N. H. Geoffrey 
Department of Politics, Oxford University
1. Textual appropriation and subcultural desublimation
If one examines Derridaist reading, one is faced with a choice: either accept Lyotardist narrative or conclude that sexual identity, ironically, has objective value. If Derridaist reading holds, we have to choose between subcultural desublimation and the textual paradigm of context.

It could be said that the main theme of the works of Joyce is the role of the reader as participant. Lacan uses the term ‘Lyotardist narrative’ to denote the difference between society and narrativity.  
However, in Dubliners, Joyce deconstructs subcultural desublimation; in Ulysses, however, he denies Derridaist reading. Several theories concerning the role of the writer as reader may be discovered....MUCH MORE

"How does the world’s richest man renovate? Floor plans reveal Jeff Bezos’ big ideas for $23M D.C. mansion"

From Geekwire:
If Jeff Bezos is going to be a Washingtonian in the D.C. sense of the word, apparently he’s going to have to contend with the Washingtonian, a magazine serving the nation’s capital.
https://cdn.geekwire.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/dcbezos-630x414-630x414.png
 The former Textile Museum in Washington, D.C., scooped up by Amazon’s Jeff Bezos. (Trulia.com Photo)
On Thursday, the monthly mag served up a look at the floor plans for the Amazon founder’s giant mansion, which he purchased in an exclusive neighborhood of the other Washington back in October — for $23 million.

Washingtonian reported that it filed a public-records request with the city’s zoning office to get copies of the blueprints for a $12 million renovation and expansion that Bezos is having done on the historic property.

The former Textile Museum is a 27,000-square-foot fixer upper in D.C.’s Kalorama neighborhood — home to the Obamas and Ivanka Trump. Two homes, called the Pope and the Wood, dating back to the early 1900s, comprise the property which is connected by a walkway.

Bezos, the world’s richest person, bought the Washington Post in 2013 for $250 million and the D.C.-Virginia-Maryland area is among the final 20 contenders for Amazon’s second headquarters.
Among the highlights of the floor plans — which you’ll have to peep at over at Washingtonian — are a whiskey cellar and walk-in wine room, 25 bathrooms, 11 bedrooms, three kitchens, two libraries/studies, two workout rooms, two elevators and a huge ballroom....MORE

Do Business Journalists Invest in Things They Cover?

Today at FT Alphaville we read:

Hey crypto bros! Journalism ≠ advertising

...As CZ explains in his tweet, he has recently learned that most journalists are forbidden to HODL, the crypto term that means to “hold” and conveniently exposes the contradiction at the heart of digital currencies: HODLing means you are not actually using crypto for payments, its original intended purpose. (The one time a HODLer might actually want to use such an inefficient, slow and volatile means of payment as crypto would be to pay for things online that they want to keep private, such as drugs -- which even bitcoin's earliest advocates credit with its growth -- but CZ doesn't want to talk about that.)
CZ seems to have been told about the concept of the conflict of interest. It's a real thing! See this from the Financial Times' own code of conduct:
A conflict of interest may occur when our interests or activities (or those of our family or friends) affect our ability to make objective decisions for FT Group. This includes personal relationships with another employee if you have influence over their salary or career path. We either avoid these situations and/or are transparent about them and ensure they are approved at the appropriate level.
That's right! Journalists at “MSM” outlets such as this one are told to avoid situations in which they feel their ability to report fairly is compromised....MORE

Which raises the question "What exactly was going on here" (March 24, 2016):
That time I defaulted on Bloomberg’s Tracy Alloway
Back in October, 2015, Bloomberg’s Tracy Alloway and I struck an OTC futures deal over a teeny, tiny vial of crude oil, which Tracy for some reason felt compelled to nickname “Williston”.
Read about it here.
I now plan to default on this contract (a ladies’ agreement, witnessed by “the world” due its publication on Bloomberg) and this is a public notice explaining my reasons for doing so.
The terms of the contract — henceforth known as the “Williston contract” — were agreed as follows by email:
The contract was structured on Oct 16, 2015 and agreed a price of $49.78 for oil to be delivered in March.
The delivering party pre-agreed to take on the full cost of delivery. (She promised to walk it over to the FT’s office in New York, rather than deliver to Cushing Oklahoma.)
Tracy’s theoretical profit on the contango deal (which this contract was designed to hedge) — bar any basis risk between WTI and North Dakota Light Sweet — was expected to be $2.25 a barrel.
Since the quantity of the oil being dealt was a small fraction of a barrel — about 1 litre — Tracy’s spot acquisition price was deemed 24 cents in October. At $49.78 per barrel, my contract covered a promise to pay approx 31 cents for the oil in question. Her expected profit from a performing hedge was expected to be about 7 cents.
It is now March 24, and WTI oil is trading at approx $38.78 per barrel at the time of writing.
Tracy is in the money on the trade, having wisely hedged her crude in October. I, the counterparty to her hedge, owe her 31 cents in value, in exchange for the delivery of the Williston container to the FT’s office as soon as the transaction is settled. That’s a profit for Tracy no matter what.
Except...

I’m not going to pay her. Instead, I’m going to brazenly default in full view of the world.
MORE

Our comment at the time:

Izabella Kaminska's Oil Trade Goes Sour: Shakespearean Tragedy Edition

"Default, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,
But in ourselves, that we are underlings."

First rule of bidness: Know your counterparty or use a clearinghouse.....

Whoa! "China ride-hailing giant Didi eyes purpose-built fleet as auto market shifts"

Who are the people?
Well, for one there's Didi's President, Jean Liu. As noted in April 2017's  Dear Mr. Kalanick, "China's Didi Raises Over $5.5 Billion in Record Tech Funding":
Didi's relentless approach is getting a bit scary but I do laugh when thinking of the company's President's thoughts on the biz:

I still can't get the picture of Didi Chuxing's President, Liu Qing (anglicized to Jean Liu), commenting on Travis Kalanick and Uber's efforts in China as cute. Then when Uber proclaimed the $3.5 billion investment from the Saudis she laughed and said she had more than that on the way. 
Didi then announced the completion of a $7.3 billion fundraising.
Uber better be on top of their game in Southeast Asia because they weren't in China and got run out of the country....
Well, we know how that turned out. Side-note: she was being treated for cancer at the same time she was kicking Kalanick's backside.
From Reuters:
BEIJING/DETROIT (Reuters) - China’s Didi Chuxing, already disrupting the global ride-hailing market and taking on U.S. rival Uber, has its sights set on an even bigger potential prize: designing and getting built its own dedicated fleet of Didi cars.

The firm has put together teams of automotive designers and engineers, and is now looking to work with established car makers to develop “purpose-built” vehicles, people close to the company told Reuters, a move that could shake up the auto market in China and beyond.

The move underscores how tech firms, from software makers for self-driving vehicles to car-sharing platforms, are disrupting traditional automakers such as Ford Motor and Nissan, amid major shifts towards electric cars and pay-per-use models.

In response, some global automakers are now starting to bill themselves as “mobility” companies that do more than just build and sell vehicles.

Didi officials say the disruptive change sweeping the industry means there is a clear mutual interest in new players like itself and traditional manufacturers working together to develop and improve ride-hailing and sharing platforms.

“Traditional automakers have different skillsets and understanding of the market, and those are all valuable to us,” Kevin Chen, general manager of Didi’s automotive service platform, told Reuters in an interview.

“It’s not like only we understand the customer. We are open to every form of cooperation.”
Didi is China’s biggest ride-hailing company, cementing its dominance when it bought out Uber’s operations in the country in 2016, and is preparing to launch car-sharing and other on-demand transport services.

It currently uses regular passenger cars, but says as it moves forward it sees a need for more dedicated “purpose-built” vehicles. Many would likely be electric vehicles, either all-electric battery cars or plug-in electric hybrids....MORE

Beijing’s big chip push goes into hyperdrive

From Asia Times, April 27:

‘This time, it's a totally different story as the country has all the right ingredients…’

Washington sent Beijing a signal last week when it announced a ban on US exports of key components to Chinese telecoms equipment maker ZTE. China didn’t need the message — they got it years ago. And, despite still being dependent on US imports, it looks like that will change faster than anyone expected.

As Chinese President Xi Jinping commented Wednesday during a visit to the three Gorges Dam that “China must rely on its own efforts” to innovate, the country was putting its money where his mouth is.
On Thursday it was reported that China’s state-backed semiconductor “big fund” was near to closing a US$19 billion investment round for a second fund to boost local chip makers. The news comes amid reports that the ban slapped on ZTE has prompted China’s leaders to speed up their efforts to become self-sufficient in semiconductor manufacturing.

China’s investment in chips is estimated by Credit Suisse to already total about US$140 billion.
That is according to a report in Nikkei Asian Review on Wednesday that detailed the reasons why the current leaders in the sector, Intel, Samsung and TSMC, may be given a run for their money. More than just competing with the top dogs, China’s upstarts are aiming to topple them.

“It’s totally different from decades ago when China suffered through a frustrating experience to build semiconductors out of nowhere,” Mark Li, an analyst at Bernstein Research was quoted as saying. “This time, it’s a totally different story as the country has all the right ingredients, including a massive market and strong local makers of smartphones, TVs, PCs, and automobiles … . It could be just a matter of time for them to bear fruit.”

The first disruption could come as soon as next year, according to Nikkei, targeting the markets for NAND flash and DRAM memory chips. The NAND market is controlled by a select group, including Samsung, Toshiba, Intel and Western Digital. DRAMs are controlled by an even smaller group, which coupled with strong demand has driven up prices....MORE

"Biggest Indian Cargo Company Wants to Build an Uber for Shipping"

From gCaptain:
Allcargo Logistics Ltd. is emulating Uber Technologies Inc. to boost its business of sharing marine containers.

A unit of the Mumbai-based Allcargo, ECU Worldwide, which aggregates orders from clients, plans to use Uber’s model to make it easier for clients to book marine freight.

Allcargo, which reported a drop in profit in four of the past five quarters, is betting on technology to revive volumes and take on overseas rivals such as DHL Worldwide Express in Asia’s third-largest economy. The time may be right for the company as India’s logistics infrastructure improves. The nation jumped 19 positions to 35 in the World Bank’s logistics performance including infrastructure, customs and timeliness.

“Internet companies like the Ubers of the world have successfully converted their aggregation model with robust technology infrastructure,” Allcargo Chairman Shashi Kiran Shetty said in an interview last week. “The idea is to help its customers to make it simple to conduct their business with ECU Worldwide, from any corner of the world through their devices.”

Allcargo — which claims to be India’s largest integrated logistics services provider in the private sector — has seen its shares fall 31 percent this year, while profit dropped about 30 percent in the three months ended December. ECU accounts for 80 percent of Allcargo’s revenue.

“The Uber modeling in consolidated cargo logistics is an ambitious and innovative move,” said Mathew Antony, managing partner of Mumbai-based Aditya Consulting, an advisory firm specializing in infrastructure, logistics and real estate industries....
...MORE

"France declares that ‘vegan bacon’ is not a thing"

ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE
13 avril 2018
EXPOSÉ SOMMAIRE
Cet amendement a pour objet d’interdire certaines pratiques commerciales trompeuses pour le consommateur, qui associent des termes comme « steak », « filet », « bacon », « saucisse », à des produits qui ne sont pas uniquement, ou pas du tout, composés de viande. Sont plus généralement concernées les dénominations faisant référence à des produits d’origine animale, notamment le lait, la crème ou le fromage.

Ainsi, une préparation à base de viande et de matières végétales, comme le soja, très rentable pour le producteur par rapport à un bifteck pur bœuf, peut faire l’objet d’une présentation « marketing » qui donne l’impression au consommateur qu’il consomme uniquement de la viande. De même, certains produits végétariens ou végétaliens recourent, de façon tout à fait paradoxale, au vocabulaire carné pour mettre en avant leurs produits : « goût bacon », « merguez vegan », « substitut de saucisse »… Un principe d’équivalence entre une saucisse pur porc et un « substitut de saucisse » végétarien est ainsi imposé au consommateur....

From Grist:
France declares that ‘vegan bacon’ is not a thing.

For decades, France has been fighting a fruitless battle to ban English loan words from the mother tongue. Now the country has turned its obsession with language purity to vegan products.

The parliament approved a ban last week on borrowing terminology from animal products to market foods not made of animals, like “vegetarian sausage” — apparently because they confuse shoppers into thinking that soy milk, for instance, is really milk milk.

“It is important to combat false claims,” tweeted National Assembly member Jean Baptiste-Moreau, who proposed the ban, in French. “Our products must be designated correctly: the terms of #cheese or #steak will be reserved for products of animal origin.”...MORE