From Wired:
Quantum computers could help explain some of the most fundamental mysteries in the universe and upend everything from finance to encryption – if only someone could get them to work
eep beneath the Franco-Swiss border, the Large Hadron Collider is sleeping. But it won’t be quiet for long. Over the coming years, the world’s largest particle accelerator will be supercharged, increasing the number of proton collisions per second by a factor of two-and-a-half. Once the work is complete in 2026, researchers hope to unlock some of the most fundamental questions in the universe. But with the increased power comes a deluge of data the likes of which high energy physics has never seen before. And, right now, humanity has no way of knowing what the collider might find.Related, March 5:
To understand the scale of the problem, consider this. When it shut down in December 2018, the LHC generated about 300 gigabytes of data every second, adding up to 25 petabytes (PB) annually. For comparison, you’d have to spend 50,000 years listening to music to go through 25 PB of MP3 songs, while the human brain can store memories equivalent to just 2.5 PB of binary data. To make sense of all that information, the LHC data was pumped out to 170 computing centres in 42 countries. It was this global collaboration that helped discover the elusive Higgs boson, part of the Higgs field believed to give mass to elementary particles of matter.To process the looming data torrent, scientists at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, or CERN, will need 50 to 100 times more computing power than they have at their disposal today. A proposed Future Circular Collider, four times the size of the LHC and 10 times as powerful, would create an impossibly large quantity of data, at least twice as much as the LHC.In a bid to make sense of the impending data deluge, some at CERN are turning to the emerging field of quantum computing. Powered by the very laws of nature the LHC is probing, such a machine could potentially crunch the expected volume of data in no time at all. What’s more, it would speak the same language as the LHC. While numerous labs around the world are trying to harness the power of quantum computing, it is the future work at CERN that makes it particularly exciting research. There’s just one problem: right now, there are only prototypes; nobody knows whether it’s actually possible to build a reliable quantum device.Traditional computers – be it an Apple Watch or the most powerful supercomputer – rely on tiny silicon transistors that work like on-off switches to encode bits of data. Each circuit can have one of two values – either one (on) or zero (off) in binary code; the computer turns the voltage in a circuit on or off to make it work.A quantum computer is not limited to this ‘either-or’ way of thinking. Its memory is made up of quantum bits or qubits – tiny particles of matter like atoms or electrons. And qubits do ‘both-and’ – meaning that they can be in a superposition of all possible combinations of zeros and ones; they can be all of those states simultaneously.or CERN, the quantum promise could, for instance, help its scientists to get closer to SUSY – shorthand for the so far elusive evidence of the theory of supersymmetry. At the moment, researchers spend weeks and months sifting through the debris from proton-proton collisions in the LCH, trying to find exotic, heavy sister-particles to all our known particles of matter. The quest has now lasted decades, and a number of physicists are even questioning if the theory behind SUSY is a valid one. A quantum computer would greatly speed up the analysis of the collisions, to hopefully find the evidence of supersymmetry much quicker - or to ditch the theory altogether.A quantum device might also help scientists understand the evolution of the early universe, the first few minutes after the Big Bang. Physicists are pretty confident that back then, our universe was nothing but a strange ‘soup’ of subatomic particles called quarks and gluons. To understand how this quark-gluon plasma has evolved into the universe we have today, researchers simulate the conditions of the infant universe and then test their models at the LHC, with multiple collisions. Performing a simulation on a quantum computer, governed by the same laws that govern the very particles that the LHC is smashing together, could lead to a much more accurate model to test.Beyond pure science, banks, pharmaceutical companies and governments are also waiting to get their hands on computing power that could be tens or even hundreds of times greater than that of any traditional computer.And they’ve been waiting for decades. Google is in the race, as are IBM, Microsoft, Intel and a clutch of startups, academic groups and the Chinese government. The stakes are incredibly high. Last October, the European Union pledged to give €1 billion (£859,000,000) to over 5,000 European quantum technology researchers over the next decade, while venture capitalists invested some $250 million (£190m) in various companies researching quantum computing in 2018 alone. “This is a marathon,” says David Reilly, who leads Microsoft’s quantum lab at the University of Sydney, Australia. “And it's only ten minutes into the marathon.”...MUCH MORE
Quantum Computing That Is Actually Useful Gets A Bit Closer to Reality
