How discovery of nitrogen-fixing corn variety could take us a step closer
IN THE UNITED STATES, more than 90 million acres of corn are planted every year. Corn uses more land than any other crop. It also uses a lot of fertilizer. By one estimate, 5.6 million tons of nitrogen are applied each year, along with nearly a million tons of nitrogen from manure.
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plants. While nitrogen makes up 78 percent of the atmosphere, only legume crops were known to have the ability to use it, through their association with bacteria.
“Legume crops like soybeans have nodules on their roots that harbor bacteria that can turn nitrogen in the air into a form the plant can use,” said Alan Bennett, distinguished professor of plant sciences at the University of California, Davis. “For cereal crops like corn, farmers must rely primarily on nitrogen fertilizers.”
Bennett is part of a multidisciplinary team of researchers from UC Davis, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Mars, Incorporated that has made a remarkable discovery: an indigenous variety of Mexican corn that can also fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, instead of requiring synthetic fertilizers.
The team’s findings were published Aug. 7 in the journal PLOS Biology.
If this trait can be bred into conventional varieties of corn, it could reduce the need for added fertilizer and increase yields in regions with poor soil. Corn that fixes nitrogen could also help farmers in developing countries that may not have access to fertilizer.
“This research has been 40 years in the making and is a significant breakthrough in our attempts to find a more sustainable way of growing corn, one of the world’s key crops,” said co-author Howard-Yana Shapiro, chief agricultural officer at Mars, Incorporated.
The discoveryCorn is a wild plant, domesticated in Mexico about 10,000 years ago. A number of these domesticated varieties evolved in isolated villages in the Sierra Mixe region near Oaxaca.
Indigenous farmers there would make selections every year and develop corn that worked in their environment.
“At the time, they didn’t have access to fertilizer, so it had to grow in a very low-fertility soil,” said Bennett.
Researchers spent years searching for these indigenous varieties, called landraces. It was thought the corn might associate with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In the 1980s, Howard-Yana Shapiro observed such corn being grown in nitrogen-deficient soil. It was not until the 2000s that new technologies developed to allow researchers to intensely study this nitrogen-fixing process.
“It has been difficult to identify such a landrace and demonstrate that this nitrogen-fixing association actually contributes to nitrogen nutrition of the plant,” said Bennett. “Our interdisciplinary research team has been working on this for nearly a decade.”...MUCH MORE
