Artificial islands, robo-ships, sleepless soldiers. Is this the future of the Arctic?
The Arctic has been relatively peaceful so far, thanks largely to its remoteness. But newly opened access may disrupt that peace. The obvious factor is the changing climate: Arctic sea ice is melting, glaciers are retreating, and permafrost is thawing. Much less obvious is the role that emerging technologies can play in economic development and geopolitical conflicts in the far north. Science and technology can be a powerful enabler of – or solution to – many kinds of conflicts. They also raise new challenges to ethics, law and policy, which are best considered in advance, not during a crisis. To anticipate such issues, it’s useful to have some scenarios in mind to draw out questions.
Riches beneath the permafrost
First, to understand why the Arctic is becoming a strategic priority, we need to understand its untapped promise. Economic competition in the region is increasing, guided by the potential for major shortcuts for global trade. As new shipping passages reveal themselves in once-frozen seas, they could save about half of the distance and costs between key shipping ports – no longer forcing ships through the Suez and Panama canals. A more hospitable Arctic also means new access to vast energy and mineral reserves; up to 13% of the world’s oil supply and 30% of our natural gas, by some estimates.
Natural resources, including territory, have been a historical driver of geopolitical conflicts, and Arctic rivals are now conducting conventional military exercises in the region. But the trend in armed conflict is toward “hybrid warfare” in which irregular forces and tactics, such as cyberattacks and robotics, are part of the playbook. Little attention has been paid to these unconventional, technology-driven aspects in an Arctic war. Beyond wargames, there has also been scant focus on how emerging technologies – such as artificial intelligence (AI), geoengineering and more – might impact economic interests, territorial claims, disaster response, food security, and so on. Because the modern world is ever more ruled by technology, it makes sense to look at technology-driven scenarios.
Scenarios and questions for the far north
To stay grounded in reality, we can draw lessons from other frontiers with ongoing territorial disputes. For instance, China has created islands and installed bases in the South China Sea, which other alarmed nations still regard as international waters; this is a flashpoint for serious misunderstandings and worse.
Thus, one future scenario is the construction of artificial islands to stake a claim in the Arctic. Signed in 1982, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) ties a state’s maritime claim to its underlying continental shelf, but the treaty does not contemplate new technological capabilities to occupy and project power. These capabilities raise hard questions as we update our thinking about territorial claims – which already looks arbitrary to many, whether it’s planting a flag on some undiscovered land in the old world, to pointing to continental shelves now.
Should island-building really be enough to stake a new foothold in a territory? And what exactly counts as an island, anyway; for instance, does size matter, and could islands be mobile? The answer may have implications for seasteading: the movement to create autonomous floating structures in open sea, beyond the claim of any terrestrial state. As massive airships become viable and can loiter indefinitely above the ocean, could they prop up a claim to new territory or deny access to competitors?
Less provocatively, the same artificial islands could be used as outposts for search-and-rescue operations, or hospitals, or airports, or energy stations, or communication nodes – all of which are desperately needed. Today, emergency-response capabilities are severely limited in the Arctic given a lack of infrastructure/ports, polar darkness, infrequent satellite imaging, and other factors. These future outposts might be staffed (wholly or partially) by AI doctors, telemedicine, and other robotic or virtual technicians....MORE
